The Peopling of the World

1. The Peopling of the World Chapter 1 Pre-history- 2500 B.C.

2. Objectives WHI.2 • Demonstrate knowledge of early development of mankind from the Paleolithic Era to the agricultural revolution by: • Explaining the impact of geographic environment on hunter-gather societies • Listing characteristics of hunter-gather societies • Describing technological and social advancements that gave rise to stable communities • Explaining how archeological discoveries are changing present-day knowledge of early peoples

3. How do we know about the development of Humans? • Fossils • Natural • Hair, bones • Artifacts • Man-made • Tools, clothing, jewelry • Archaeologists • Use radio carbon dating • Stonehenge • Example of archeological site • Begun during Neolithic Era and completed during Bronze Age

4. Human Origins in Africa • Pre-history • Before the invention of writing • Clues • Artifacts: remains such as tools, jewelry, and other human made objects (archeologists) • Can use artifacts to re-create early life (anthropologists) • Human fossils (paleontologists) • Footprints • 1970s Mary Leakey found prehistoric footprints in East Africa • Resembled modern human footprints • belonged to australopitecines(hominids= walked upright) • Evidence that humans walked upright 3.6 million years ago

6. australopithecines • More Discoveries • Donald Johnson found a complete hominid skeleton in Ethiopia in 1974 • Named Lucy after Beatles song • 3.5 million years old • Oldest skeleton to date • 43 inches high • Hominids on the move • Walking upright allowed Hominids to move easier • Developed opposable thumbs

7. Homo Habilis • Appeared in East Africa • 2.5 million years ago • Skeleton discovered by Mary Leakey 1960 at Olduvai Gorge • “man of skill” • Tools of lava rocks found • Possible first hunter • Homo Erectus • Appeared in East Africa • 1.6 million years ago • “upright man” • More intelligent • Developed technology • Tools and skills to meet needs • Skillful hunters • First to migrate on large scale • Settled in India, China, SE Asia, and Europe • First to use fire • Controlled fire • Developed beginnings of spoken language

10. Dawn of Modern Humans • Development of Homo Erectus into Homo Sapiens • “wise men” • Larger brains • Neanderthal’s • Europe/SW Asia • Powerfully built, well-developed muscles, thick bones, slanted brows • Lived 200,000 – 30,000 years ago • “cave-man” – large/bulky bodies • Developed religious beliefs and rituals (funeral) • Resourceful- made temporary shelters • Vanished 30,000 years ago – no reason why • Cro-Magnon’s • Emerged 40,000 years ago • Identical to Modern Humans • Planned their hunts • Survival easier= population grew quickly • Advanced skill in spoken language

11. New Evidence • 1994 • 2.33 million year old jaw • Found tools • Suggests toolmakers emerged earlier than thought • 1996 • Neanderthal bone flute found • 43,000 years old • New concept of music

12. Humans Try to Control Nature • Achievements in Technology and Art • Focus shifts from survival to more advanced culture • People of Stone Age were nomadic • Hunter-gathers • Increased food supply by inventing tools (Cro-Magnons) • Technological revolution • Use of stone, bone, and wood for different tools • Expanded to knives, fish hooks, and harpoons • Cro-Magnons used needles to sew animal hides

13. Paleolithic Art • Paleolithic people wore jewelry made of seashells, lion teeth, and bear claws • Carved small realistic sculptures of animals • Cave paintings depicting wild animals • Religious beliefs/magical power • Communication • Made from: egg whites, fat, plant juice, and blood • Also used charcoal

15. Paleolithic Culture • Language • Formation of social groups • Necessary for individuals to express concerns and feelings • Requires an ability to understand ideas • Use of symbols and words • Hard to determine extent of language, no written language • Burial of the Dead • Comes with belief about dead • Burial of human jaws/skulls practiced early on • Unclear whether trying to protect dead or protect living from spirits of the dead • All groups had special significance for skull • Towards end of Paleolithic period, groups bury dead with jewelry • Appearance of graves • Holes in the back of the head

16. Neolithic Revolution • 10,000 years ago seeds scattered, crops grew = Neolithic revolution • Causes • Climate change? • warm temperatures = longer growing seasons • More food = more people • Steady source of food • Early Methods • Slash-and-burn farming • Cut trees/grasses and burn • Ash fertilizes the soil • Plant for a couple years • Move to replenish soil • Domestication of Animals • Taming of animals • Slow evolution • Constant source of food • Revolution in Jarmo • Foot of Zagros Mountains in Iraq • Practiced agriculture 9,000 yrs ago

17. Villages Growand Prosper • Agriculture developed independently throughout the world • Africa • Nile River Valley • Wheat, barley • China • 8,000 yrs ago • Yellow River (Huang He) • millet • Mexico/ Central America • Corns, bean squash • Peru • Central Andes • Tomatoes, potatoes • CatalHuyuk • South-central Turkey • Example of early agricultural life • Surplus of food= more time • Skilled workers/ trade

18. Objectives • Describe key scientific findings about human origins • List human achievements during the Stone Age • Describe the emergence of modern humans • Describe technological and artistic achievements of the Paleolithic Age • Define and describe the Neolithic Revolution • Give examples of the growth of farming

19. Gobekli Tepe

20. Objectives WHI.2 Revisited • Demonstrate knowledge of early development of mankind from the Paleolithic Era to the agricultural revolution by: • Explaining the impact of geographic environment on hunter-gather societies • Listing characteristics of hunter-gather societies • Describing technological and social advancements that gave rise to stable communities • Explaining how archeological discoveries are changing present-day knowledge of early peoples