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The Dynamic Earth

Discover the Earth's geosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere, including surface currents and ocean layers. Learn about the water cycle, aerosols, and energy transfer mechanisms. Unveil the mysteries of earthquakes, volcanoes, and the world ocean. Dive deep into the composition of Earth and how its layers interact. Uncover the driving forces behind surface currents and the distribution of fresh water on our planet.

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The Dynamic Earth

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  1. The Dynamic Earth Chapter 3

  2. Layers of the Earth Hydrosphere Atmosphere Geosphere

  3. The Geosphere • Chapter 1, Section 1

  4. The Composition of Earth • The upper and lower crust, the mantle, and the core • Core – Earth’s innermost compositional layer

  5. Earthquake • An earthquake is the vibrations of the Earth’s crust caused by slippage along a fault • The energy released by an earthquake occurs in the form of seismic waves

  6. Volcanoes • A mountain built from magma – melted rock – that rises from the Earth’s interior to the surface • Most are located around the Pacific Rim

  7. Which of the following does NOT both remove and add gases to the atmosphere? • Plants • Animals • Automobiles • Volcanic Eruptions

  8. Wind and Water Erosion • Likely to effect: mountains, beaches, soil, soft rocks • Not Likely to effect: tides

  9. The Atmosphere • Chapter 1, Section 2

  10. Layers of Atmosphere • Troposphere – Nearest Earth’s surface • The densest atmospheric layer • Where all of Earth’s weather occurs • Stratosphere – O-Zone layer • Mesosphere – Coldest layer of atmosphere • Thermosphere – Where nitrogen and oxygen absorb solar radiation The topmost layer • Ionosphere – the lower Thermosphere

  11. Greenhouse Gasses • GREENHOUSE gases in the atmosphere, including WATER VAPOR, trap radiated heat and help maintain surface air temperature

  12. Surface Currents • Surface currents in the ocean can influence CLIMATES OF land areas they flow past because they CARRY WARMER OR COLDER WATER GREAT DISTANCES

  13. Mechanisms of Energy Transfer • Radiation – The transfer of energy across space • Conduction – The flow of heat from a warmer object to a colder object when the objects are placed in direct physical contact • Convection – The transfer of heat by air currents

  14. The Hydrosphere and Biosphere • Chapter 3, Section 3

  15. Hydrosphere • Includes all of the water on or near Earth’s surface • What about the water below Earth’s surface? • There are two types of water: salt water and fresh water, in which salt water obviously contains more salt

  16. The Water Cycle • The continuous movement of water into the air, onto land, and then back to water • Evaporation – the process in which liquid water is heated by the sun and then rises into the atmosphere as water vapor • Condensation – water vapor that forms droplets on dust particles • Precipitation – rain, snow, sleet, or hail that falls from clouds

  17. Aerosols • Aerosols are tiny, liquid droplets found in the atmosphere

  18. World Ocean • A single, large, interconnected body of water that covers 70% of Earth’s surface

  19. Ocean Layers • Surface Zone, Thermocline, and Deep Zone • The DEEP ZONE of ocean is from base of thermocline to the bottom of the ocean

  20. What drives the ocean surface currents? • Tectonic plates • Gravity • Salinity • Wind

  21. Deepest Ocean • The four main oceans are the Arctic, Indian, Atlantic, and the Pacific • The deepest ocean is the Pacific • Called the Challenger Deep • 11,033 m below sea level

  22. Thermocline • Boundary between warm and cold water in ocean or lake

  23. Where is most of the World’s fresh water? • Only ~3% of the world’s water is fresh water • Most of the world’s fresh water is found in the ice caps and glaciers

  24. Tributaries • Tributaries are smaller streams or rivers that flow into larger ones

  25. Recharge Zone • Land surface area where water enters an aquifer

  26. Pack Ice • Forms when frozen seawater is driven together by wind and waves

  27. Picture References • Listed in order that they appear • http://www-bprc.mps.ohio-state.edu/education/rr/index.php?activity=layers_of_the_earth • http://www.thebestlinks.com/Cascadia_Earthquake.html • http://www.greendiary.com/entry/q13-how-does-a-super-volcano-blow-up-to-cover-an-entire-continent-with-ash • http://www.flickr.com/photos/benwhitlock/307834571/ • http://history.nasa.gov/NP-119/p71.htm • http://www.usgcrp.gov/usgcrp/images/ocp2003/ocpfy2003-fig5-1.htm • http://www.gdargaud.net/Antarctica/WinterDC3.html • http://homepage.risd41.org/kreimers/stories/storyReader$14 • http://www.news.com/2300-11397_3-6126409-5.html • http://www.madison.k12.wi.us/shorewood/tributary.htm

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