Standardization Supporting Cultural Diversity: European Language Keypad Assignments

1. Standardization supporting cultural diversity 1: Character repertoires, ordering and assignments to the 12-key telephone keypad for European languages and languages used in EuropeMartin Böcker, Karl Ivar Larsson and Bruno von Niman (ETSI STF 300) 20th International Symposium on Human Factors in Telecommunication

2. Agenda • Background ETSI STF 300 • Overview of the task • Methodology • Character repertoires, ordering and keypad assignments • Summary

3. Background to STF 300 The problem: • How to enable people to use ICT in their own language? • Before ES 202 130, there was only a standard on assigning ‘A’ to ‘Z’ to the 12-key keypad. The assignment of other Latin, Greek and Cyrillic characters was not standardised.

4. Background to STF 300 The problem: • ES 202 130 defined the assignment of major European languages to the 12-key keypad and defined sorting orders. • Languages covered were those of the European Union countries (status 2006), candidate countries (Romania, Bulgaria, and Turkey), and the countries of the European Free Trade Area EFTA (Norway, Iceland, Switzerland, and Liechtenstein) as well as Russia.

5. Character Repertoires and Ordering

6. Overview of the task Languages not covered so far but to be covered now: • Official languages of the remaining countries (e.g. Croatian and Ukrainian); • Official minority languages of European countries (e.g. Welsh and Sorbian); • Important, but not officially recognised European minority languages (e.g. Basque and Breton); • Important immigrants’ languages spoken in Europe (e.g. Arabic and Urdu); • Other languages of interest to manufacturers (e.g. Hebrew and Pinyin).

7. Overview of the task • Co-operate with key industry players and recognized experts • Update ETSI Standard 202 130 ”Character repertoires, ordering rules and assignment to the 12-key telephone keypad (European languages)”

8. Overview of the task • Devices with telecommunication functionality • the largest consumer product segment in the world • Cultural and linguistic diversity • one of the key strengths of Europe • Easy, correct and efficient text input, search and retrieval via the telephone keypad • a basic user requirement • Takes into account work previously performed • in ETSI, ITU-T, CEN/TC304 and ISO/IEC JTC1

9. Method • Identify list of languages to be covered • Initial proposal based on studies • Industry consensus meeting • Initial international round of comments • Voting according to ETSI procedures

10. Character Repertoires and Ordering • Letter repertoires and ordering • Language-independent repertoires and ordering (e.g. Latin, Greek, and Cyrillic) • Language-specific repertoires and ordering • Keypad assignment of digits and letters • Language-independent keypad assignment (e.g. Latin, Greek, and Cyrillic) of digits and letters • Language-specific keypad assignment of digits and letters

11. Letter Repertoires and Ordering • Principles 1 • Combine repertoire and ordering information in one table • Provide language-independent tables per script (e.g. Latin, Cyrillic, Greek)

12. Letter Repertoires and Ordering • Principles 2 Describe letters in terms of standardized identifiers: • Letter: Representation of the letter • GSM 03.38 7-bit coding • ISO/IEC 6937 coding • ISO/IEC 10646 (Unicode) identifier • ISO/IEC 10646 (Unicode) name Order characters according to established standards • E.g. the Latin and Cyrillic language-independent repertoires are ordered according to ENV 13710

13. Letter Repertoires and Ordering • Principles 3 Language-independent repertoires: • Latin: covers all Latin-based letters covered by the scope of the document • Cyrillic: Repertoire according to ISO/IEC 8859-5:1998 (applies to Bulgarian, Belarussian, Macedonian, Russian, Serbian and Ukrainian) • Greek-script repertoire is identical with the Greek language-specific repertoire • Develop repertoires for the other scripts included in the scope (e.g. Arabic and Georgian) • Provide minimum Latin subset (“A – Z”) to be used with the non-Latin-based repertoires

14. Letter Repertoires and Ordering

15. Letter Repertoires and Ordering • Principles 4 Language-specific repertoires • List essential alphabet of a particular language and letters typically used in that language (from various recognised sources) • Usage type: A classification of each letter according to the following principles:A: Letters essential to the languageB: Letters commonly used in writing the language, but not essential for it • Notes: Indication of special character ordering conditions for the language (explained in table notes at the bottom of the table)

16. Letter Repertoires and Ordering

17. Letter Repertoires and Ordering Example • Ordering in Czech • ábeti • amoniak • anton • ápoteka • äbeti • bertil • …

18. Keypad Assignment Tables • Principles 6 The keypad assignment tables contain the following information: • Key: the key of the 12-key keypad the respective letters are assigned to • Letter: Representation of the letter • ISO/IEC 10646 (Unicode) identifier • ISO/IEC 10646 (Unicode) name

19. Keypad Assignment Tables • Principles 7 • If a character is assigned to a key of the 12-key keypad, it shall be assigned to the key specified in the respective table • Letters with diacritical marks are assigned to the same key of the 12-key keypad as their respective basic letters (if existent), i.e. "ä" is is assigned to key "2" because "a" is assigned to "2" according to ITU-T E.161 • A character may be additionally assigned to other keys • Complete language-independent and language-specific tables may be implemented in any combination

20. Keypad Assignment Tables • Principles 8 • Non-Latin-based repertoires (e.g. the Greek-language repertoire and the Cyrillic-script repertoire) are assigned together with the minimum Latin-script repertoire • Additional characters not covered by the present document may be assigned to a key • Only tables for the assignment of small letters are specified, capital letters shall be assigned in the same way as the respective small letter

21. Keypad Assignment Tables • Principles 9 Latin-script letters are assigned in the following order: • Letters assigned to that particular key according to ITU-T E.161 (e.g. "abc" to key "2") • The digit for the respective key according to ITU-T E.161 • Type A letters according to the tables in Section 6 (e.g. "ä" on key "2" for German) • Type B letters according to the tables in Section 6 (e.g. "à" on key "2" for German) (e.g. the resulting assignment for key "2" for German is "abc2äà")

22. Keypad Assignment Tables

23. Keypad Assignment Tables • Principles 10 The language-independent Latin-script assignment: • Letters are assigned to the above-mentioned principles and ordered according to ISO/IEC 14651 resp. CEN ENV 13710

24. Keypad Assignment Tables

25. Keypad Assignment Tables • Principles 11 Non-Latin-based letter (e.g. Greek-script and Cyrillic-script letters) are assigned in the following order: • Letters assigned to that particular key in alphabetic order (e.g. "абвг" to key "2"), alternative assignments have been discussed and discarded • The digit for the respective key according to ITU-T E.161 • Latin letters assigned to that particular key according to ITU-T E.161 (e.g. abc to key "2")For example, the resulting assignment for key "2" for Russian is "абвг2abc")

26. Keypad Assignment Tables

27. Keypad Assignment Tables • Principles 12 • The characters of the Non-Latin-based scripts (e.g. the Greek-language and the Cyrillic-script tables) are ordered according to ISO/IEC 14651 resp. CEN ENV 13710

28. Keypad Assignment Tables

29. Summary • ETSI Standard 202 130 offers character repertoires, sorting orders and keypad assignments for the major European languages. • STF 300 will update the standard to also cover further European and non-Europen, Latin-based and non-Latin scripted languages including important minority languages. • The standard is an excellent example of work funded by the Commission of the EU, hosted by ETSI and realised by indstrial consensus.