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Understanding the Endocrine System: Structures, Functions, and Disorders

This lesson introduces students to the structures and functions of the endocrine system. It covers the different endocrine glands, their hormones, and the importance of hormonal control. The lesson also explores the role of the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, pineal gland, thyroid gland, and parathyroid glands. Students will engage in activities such as drawing and labeling the endocrine glands and discussing their understanding of the topic.

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Understanding the Endocrine System: Structures, Functions, and Disorders

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  1. 4.03 Remember the structures of the ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

  2. 4.04 Understand the Functions and Disorders of the ENDOCRINE SYSTEM 2

  3. Activity Day 1 Have students go to media center and get a 6ft piece of paper. Students will trace someone in each group on the paper. Using the textbook, students are to draw the endocrine glands- do not label these or write the names on these. Do this later in the unit. Finish vocabulary. Textbook pgs 324-341

  4. Processing Day 1 Endocrine System Crash Course- Video https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WVrlHH14q3o The Endocrine System- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-S_vQZDH9hY&list=PL5A39C879B19478E5

  5. Warm up Day 2 In groups brainstorm what you know about the endocrine system on the large piece of paper on table. Share with the class.

  6. 4.03 Remember the structures of the endocrine system 4.03 Remember the structures of the endocrine system • *ENDOCRINE GLANDS • *Their function is to secrete hormones directly into bloodstream • Ductless • -only act on target cells

  7. Hormonal Control- 2 Types • Negative Feedback • Drop in hormone level triggers a chain reaction to increase secretion, for example • Blood level of hormone falls • Brain gets message and sends out hormone to stimulate gland • Gland stimulates more hormone • When blood levels of hormone increase, the brain hormones stop • Nervous Control • In some cases, sympathetic nervous system causes direct release of hormone from gland (for example, when stress causes the adrenal medulla to secrete adrenalin)

  8. Hypothalamus • Located in the brain and is also part of the Nervous System. • Function- Controls much of the bodies function and secretes 5 hormones that control the Pituitary Gland • Growth Hormone Releasing Hormone- Increases the release of growth hormone from the pituitary. • Growth Hormone Inhibiting Hormone- Decreases the release of GH from the pituitary. • Corticotropin- Increases the release of Adrenocorticotropic Hormone– ACTHfrom the pituitary. • Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone- Increases the release of LH and FSH by the pituitary. • Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone- Increases the release of TSH from the pituitary.

  9. Pineal Gland • Located deep in the brain between the right and left hemispheres of the brain. • Function- secretes Melatonin- Regulates sleep cycle.

  10. The Pituitary Gland 4.03 Remember the structures of the endocrine system • The Master Gland • Size of a grape • *Located at the base of the brain in the cranial cavity • and consists of 2 lobes

  11. The Pituitary Gland- Posterior Lobe • Function-secretes two hormones • Vasopressin – converts to ADH (antidiuretic hormone) in the bloodstream, acts on kidney to concentrate urine and preserve H2O in the body • Oxytocin – released during childbirth causing contractions of the uterus- can be made as a synthetic hormone and given to pregnant women to induce labor. Also stimulates the breast for milk production 4.03 Remember the structures of the endocrine system 12

  12. The Pituitary Gland- Anterior Lobe 4.03 Remember the structures of the endocrine system • Function- secretes six hormones • *Growth Hormone - GH (Somatotropin) responsible for growth and development- Target organ- body tissue • *Prolactin – develops breast tissue, stimulates production of milk after childbirth- Target organ- breasts • *Thyroid Stimulating Hormone – TSH - stimulates Thyroxine in the thyroid • Adrenocorticotropic Hormone– ACTH – stimulates adrenal cortex • Follicle Stimulating Hormone – FSH -stimulates growth of graafian follicle and production of estrogen in females, sperm in males- Target organs- Ovaries and testes. • Lutinezing Hormone – LH – stimulates ovulation and formation of corpus luteum, which produces progesterone in females- Target organs- testes, male and ovaries , females

  13. Thyroid Gland • *Butterfly-shaped mass of tissue on either side of larynx in front of the trachea • Function- secretes 3 hormones • *Thyroxine (T3)– is controlled by the secretion of TSH. Controls the rate of metabolism- if elevated can cause nervousness and weight loss. Contain iodine • Triiodothyronine (T4)- Controls cell metabolism and growth. Contain iodine • Calcitonin – controls calcium ion concentration in the body, prevents hypercalcemia • *The thyroid needs iodine to function properly. If it does not get enough it will produce a goiter. Prevention- Iodized Salt.

  14. Parathyroid Glands 4.03 Remember the structures of the endocrine system • Four glands, each the size of a grain of rice- located in the neck • Attached to posterior thyroid • Function- secretes one hormone • *Parathormone (Parathyroid Hormone)- which helps control blood calcium level, prevents hypocalcemia

  15. Processing • Take paper from yesterday and label the endocrine glands you learned about today. Add which hormones each one secretes • Identify Endocrine Glands Labeling

  16. Warm up • Endocrine System Video- http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-S_vQZDH9hY

  17. Thymus Gland 4.03 Remember the structures of the endocrine system • Serves both the endocrine system and the lymphatic system • Function- Secretes Thymosin-T-lymphocyte production • Located under the sternum • Large during childhood but atrophy with age.

  18. Pancreas 4.03 Remember the structures of the endocrine system • Located behind the stomach in the abdominal cavity. • *Endocrine and Digestive Systems • *Function- Endocrine portion of pancreas involved in production of Insulin by Islets of Langerhans. • Secretes 2 hormones • Insulin – Decreases blood sugar • *Secretes the most insulin after a meal • The lack of insulin leads to hyperglycemia which is diabetes • Glucagon- Raises blood sugar

  19. Pancreas 4.03 Remember the structures of the endocrine system 20

  20. 4.03 Remember the structures of the endocrine system Adrenal Gland • There are two adrenal glands. • *One is located on top of each kidney. • Cortex – outside • Medulla – inside

  21. Adrenal Gland Adrenal Cortex- Function Function- secretes anti inflammatory hormones known as corticoids (natural steroids) and a male sex hormone. Regulated by the anterior pituitary. Mineralcorticoids- Regulate electrolytes and fluid balance Glucocorticoids- Regulates blood sugar Adrogens- are male sex hormones 4.03 Remember the structures of the endocrine system 22

  22. Adrenal Gland Adrenal Medulla- Function Secretes two hormones- epinephrine (adrenalin) and norepinephrine *Epinepherine (adrenalin) is a powerful cardiac stimulant – “fight or flight” hormones that prepare the body for an emergency situation or when the body is under stress. Norepinephrine- Opposite of epinephrine. 23 4.03 Remember the structures of the endocrine system

  23. 4.03 Remember the structures of the endocrine system Gonads • Sex glands • Testes (male) • Function- secretes one hormone • *Testosterone– male reproductive organs and secondary sex characteristics • *If a male does not produce this during puberty, he will not develop a deep voice, body hair or increased muscle mass.

  24. Gonads 4.03 Remember the structures of the endocrine system • Sex glands: • *Ovaries (female)- located in the pelvic cavity • Function- secretes 2 hormones • *Estrogen – development of female reproductive organs, secondary sex characteristics- • *If not produced during the teenage years, breasts will be undeveloped and the menstrual cycle will not begin. • Progesterone – plays a part in the menstrual cycle and maintaining pregnancy

  25. Processing • Hormone Functions Crossword • Who Am I? • Endocrine System Matching • Processing I Questions

  26. Processing I • What is the chemical that is secreted by the endocrine glands? • TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone) is secreted by the pituitary and acts on what gland? • Which gland is divided into anterior and posterior lobes? • Which gland is butterfly shaped and is located in the neck? • Which endocrine gland is located in the cranial cavity at the base of the brain? • The pancreas is also an organ in what body system? • Which gland is divided into a cortex and medulla? • What is the structure called that produces hormones? • Which hormone stimulates milk production? • Which hormone causes the “fight or flight” response and what gland secretes this? • Parathormone increases what substance in the blood? • Which endocrine gland is located in the pelvic cavity? • Which gland contains the Islet of Langerhans? • Which hormone if elevated would cause nervousness and weight loss? • When will the pancreas secrete the most insulin?

  27. 4.03 Remember the structures of the endocrine system 4.03 Remember Structures of theendocrine system • What are the structures of the • endocrine system?

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