Human Reproductive Systems

1. Human Reproductive Systems

2. Male Reproductive System • Testes: male gonads • Form male gametes (sperm) in ________________________ • Scrotum: sac that holds testes outside of body cavity • Sperm develop optimally ____________________________ ____________________________________. • Epididymus: _______________________ to mature

3. Penis: • fleshy tube with ____________ allowing to internal fertilization • Vas Deferens: • carries sperm ______________ ____________ during ejaculation • Semen: • transport medium for sperm • Made up nutrient fluid to nourish and protect sperm in female reproductive tract • Urethra: • tube where semen exits penis • Shares same structure with _____________________

4. Vasectomy: • _______________________, preventing sperm from leaving the body • Testosterone: • produced by _____________ • plays a role in development of male secondary sex characteristics • FSH and LH: • secreted by ______________ • help in growth and development of sperm in testes

5. Female Reproductive System • Ovaries: female gonads • Produce eggs • Secrete _______________ • Each contains about 200,000 tiny egg sacs called __________ • One egg is released each month during ____________________ • Estrogen: • causes development of female secondary sexual characteristics • Breast development, broadened pelvis, distribution of body fat

6. Fallopian Tubes or Oviducts: • near each ovary but not directly connected to it • ____________line tube and create current that draws the released egg towards uterus • Where egg is __________________ • Uterus: • thick walled muscular organ where a fertilized egg will implant and grow • Cervix: • narrow _____________________ • Vagina: • ____________________, site where sperm is deposited • Note: Urinary and reproductive tracts are separate in females

7. Series of hormonally controlled changes that occur to the ovary and uterine lining Menstrual Cycle • Basic Steps of Cycle: • Egg matures and erupts from its follicle entering fallopian tube. • Wall of the uterus has __________________ with a rich supply of blood vessels (endometrial lining) and is prepared to receive a fertilized egg • If egg not fertilized, lining breaks down and passes from the body as menstrual fluid and cycle begins again

8. Stages of Menstrual Cycle • Controlled by _____________________________ • Brain (FSH & LH) and ovary (estrogen & progesterone)

9. Follicle Stage(10-14 days) • _____________________ follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) causing follicle in ovary to mature • ____________ gets secreted by follicle in ovary as it develops, causing uterine lining to thicken • Ovulation (middle of cycle) • Increased estrogen causes pituitary to lower FSH and begin secreting _______________ (LH) • When this reaches certain level ovulation occurs and __________ ________________ releasing egg • Egg must be fertilized in about 24 hours or it dies

10. Corpus Luteum Stage (10-14 days) • Ruptured follicle forms corpus luteum (yellow body) which secretes ______________________ • Progesterone maintains the _________________________ • Menstruation (3-5 days) • If fertilization doesn’t happen, LH secretion decreases, corpus luteum breaks down and ________________drops • Uterine lining is no longer maintained and ______________ and is released as ____________________ Menopause: the permanent cessation of the menstrual cycle

11. Human Fertilization & Development • Fertilization: (Internal) • ejaculation of _________________________ into vagina • sperm swim through cervix into uterus and into Fallopian tube where fertilization takes place • one sperm breaks through membrane surrounding egg and fuses with egg nucleus forming ___________________ • Gestation: the period of development ____________________

12. In Vitro Fertilization • Egg is fertilized with sperm _______________ then placed into uterus several days later where it can implant

13. Embryo Development • In Fallopian Tube: • fertilization occurs • ____________ occurs • ________ and ________ stage is reached • In Uterus • ______________ occurs • embryo attaches itself to the lining of uterus • _______________ and __________________occur • Forms 3 layers from which different tissues develop http://www.dnatube.com/video/1127/Human-Reproduction-Fertilization-and-Fetal-Development

14. Ectopic Pregnancy • Sometimes the embryo implants someplace other than uterus (in oviduct or even in the abdomen). This often results in the death of the embryo and or the mother.

15. Multiple Embryos • Fraternal Twins: • fertilization __________________ • Identical Twins: • __________________ and splits into two separate embryos • Conjoined Twins: when identical twins don’t separate completely

16. Protecting & Nourishing Embryo • Chorion: • forms small fingerlike projections called _______________ that extend into uterine lining • Placenta: • uterine lining and chorionic villi come together • villi constantly bathed in ______________ • exchange of nutrients, oxygen and wastes takes place here • Umbilical Cord: • rope like structure connects developing fetus to placenta • Amnion: • membrane sack surrounding fetus • filled with ___________________ • protects fetus from shock

17. Amniocentesis: • testing amniotic fluid for chromosomal and developmental disorders

19. Labor & Birth • Labor: • uterine muscles _________ • opening to cervix gets larger • Eventually amniotic sac bursts open and baby passes through birth canal • Shortly after the ________ or “afterbirth” is expelled http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BgZ5z6RB06c&safe=active

20. Nova: The Miracle of Life • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Wou1Udu_vr8&safe=active • Nova: Life’s Greatest Miracle • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=swYuEkzTkV0&safe=active • Excellent for extra credit!! • And both are related to your test!!