9.2: The Early Stages

1. 9.2: The Early Stages

2. 1st Battle of Bull Run (Manassas) • FYI: Casualties # of dead, wounded, missing, or captured (specific # of dead) • Date: July 21, 1861 (Virginia) • Union Command: McDowell (28,450) • Confederate Command: Johnson and Beauregard (32,230) • Why Union wanted to crush Confederate troops in VA; Lincoln hoped quick victory would end conflict • Result– Confederates better organized and Union retreats into Washington DC; Both know war will be long and costly • Casualties= Union 2,896(460) Conf1,982(387)

3. How Did they Get Troops to Fight? • 1861 Nationalism –many volunteered • More deaths/injuries? fewer volunteers • South-deserters • Union & Confederacy resorted to conscription (Military Draft) • North All males aged 20-45; South 18-35 • Draftee could hire a substitute to go to war for him • South any man who owned 20 slaves was exempt North paid soldiers a bounty (lump sum of money) of $1,500 to men who promised 3 years of service • Some would take the money and leave!

5. Naval War • 1861 blockade of all Southern ports • US Navy sealed off all Confharbor except Charleston, SC and Wilmington, NC • Goal hurt South’s economy by cutting off its trade • South’s response blockade runners • Small, quick vessels used to smuggle goods past blockade • Enabled some trade with Europe but not enough • CSS Florida & CSS Alabama Confederate ships operating out of British ports • Harassed Union merchant ships disrupt trade w/ Europe • Captured/destroyed 102 Union ships combined • US “Hey Britain, what the hell bro?”

6. Taking New Orleans • Date: April 1862 (Louisiana) • Union Command Farragut (Navy); Butler (Army) • ConfCommand Lovell • Why gain control of lower Mississippi River by capturing largest port in South • Battle after bombarding Confforts for weeks, Farragut ordered naval ships upriver in single file • Union ships attacked by continuous Southern fire • 38 out of 42 Union ships make it to New Orleans • Result Gen. Butler’s troops take control of city after 6 day battle; Union controlled center of cotton trade

7. In the West • Battles around the Mississippi River & waterways • Union was MUCH MORE SUCCESSFUL in the west • (No Robert E. Lee there!) • Union force Army of the Tennessee • -wanted to control the vital Mississippi River to cut the Confin two • -Deny South the goods from the west • 1862 Ulysses S. Grant began assault on Cumberland & Tennessee River valleys • Captured Fort Henry & Fort Donelson • Gave Union control much of Tennessee

8. Shiloh • Date: April 6-7, 1862 (Tennessee) • Union Command: Grant(65,085) • ConfCommand: Johnston and Beauregard(44,968) • Why Conflaunch surprise attack on Union forces to prevent their further advancement into Tenn. • Result– Grant is surprised at first but Union backups arrive in time; Union victorious when Confretreat • Casualties=Union 13,047(1,754) Conf 10,669(1,728) • 1st battle of war w/ 20,000+ casualties

12. Battle of Perryville • Date: October 8, 1862 (Kentucky) • Union Command Don Carlos Buell (22,000) • Confederate Command Braxton Bragg (16,000) **Why- Bragg wanted to 1) divert Union attention from Vicksburg & draw Union troops out of Tenn.; 2) encourage pro-Confederate Kentuckians to join the war • Result Tactical Confederate victory but Bragg was forced to retreat into Tenn.; unsuccessful in recruiting Kentuckians; Conf. troops never again set foot in Kentucky • Casualties Union 4,276 (894); CSA 3,401 (532)

13. Murfreesboro (Stone River) • Date: December 31, 1862- January 3, 1863 (Tenn.) • Union Command: Rosencrans(41,400) • Confederate Command: Bragg (35,000) • Purpose Lincoln ordered Buell to seize Chattanooga & cut railroad lines • Wanted eastern Tennessee under Union Control • Deprive Confederacy of “hogs & hominy” • Meat and corn essential to South • Buell moved too slow; replaced by w/ Rosecrans • Why Bragg attacks Union on their march to Chattanooga • Result Tactical draw; Union reinforcements arrived to force Bragg to retreat (Union strategic victory) • Casualties: Union 12,906 (1,677); CSA 11,739 (1,294)

14. The Eastern Theater • Fighting east of the Appalachians • Mostly in eastern VA • Union force Army of the Potomac • Wanted to capture Richmond (CSA capital) (Remember this strategy?!) • Confederate force Army of Northern Virginia • Wanted to threaten Washington • Force negotiation to recognize CSA as independent • Rebels were very successful early in the war b/c of ROBERT E. LEE

15. Peninsula Campaign • Early Union strategy to capture Richmond, VA • Plan attack Rebels on eastern Virginia peninsula • Union Command McClellan • Battle of Seven Pines • ConfGeneral Johnston attacked McClellan’s force during march toward Richmond • Inflicted heavy casualties • Johnston is wounded during battle; Robert E. Lee takes over

16. Seven Days Battle • Date: June 25-July 1, 1862 (VA) • Union Command McClellan (104,100) • ConfCommand Lee (92,000) • Why Lee maneuvers army to engage McClellan in a series of 6 battles over 7 days • Results Both sides endure heavy casualties; forced Union to retreat back to Washington • Casualties Union 15,855 (1,734); CSA 20,204 (3,934)

17. Second Bull Run (Manassas) • Date: August 28-30, 1862 (VA) • Union Command: Pope (62,000) • ConfCommand: Lee (50,000) • Why Lee decided to attack forces defending Washington • Much larger & more organized battle than first Bull Run • Result: Confederates crushed Union to force retreat; Left Confederates 20 miles from DC; allowed Lee to plan invasion of North • Casualties: Union 13,830 (1,716); CSA 8,350

18. Antietam • Robert E. Lee & Jefferson Davis wanted to invade Maryland because: • Invasion of North would convince Union to accept South’s independence • Victory on Northern soil would convince British to recognize South’s independence • Lee could feed his men from Northern farms • Wanted to draw Union troops out of VA during harvest season • In September 1862, Lee split his forces between himself and “Stonewall” Jackson • A Union patrol found Lee’s battle plans and McClellan decided to attack Lee

20. Antietam (Sharpsburg) • Date: September 17, 1862 (Maryland) • Union Command: McClellan(87,000) • ConfCommand: Lee (45,000) • Result– More Americans died on September 17, 1862, than on any other day in nation's military history • Inconclusive winner • Union “claims” victory when Lee retreats into VA • Casualties=Union 12,401; CSA 10,316 • Total DEAD= approx. 6,000; Total wounded= 16,000+

22. RESULTS OF ANTIETAM? • Stopped Lee’s 1st invasion of North Put him on the defensive (only for a very short time) • Prohibited Britain from recognizing CSA & intervening in the war • Gave Lincoln the “victory” needed to end slavery in the South

23. To End Slavery or Not? • Republicans divided on the issue • Some were abolitionists • Some (Lincoln) didn’t want to lose loyalty of border states • August 1861 John C. Fremont declared all slaves free in his controlled area • Lincoln overturned the decree • “It’s a war to preserve the Union, NOT a battle against slavery” • Fall 1862 Northern casualties rose to staggering levels • Lincoln: “Slavery must end” because… • To punish the South for this atrocious war • To make Union soldiers’ sacrifices worthwhile

25. The Emancipation Proclamation • Delivered: September 22, 1862 • 5 days after Antietam • Freed slaves in rebelling Confederate States • DID NOT END SLAVERY IN BORDER STATES • Effective: January 1, 1863 • Transformed the conflict into a war to end slavery • European countries now supported the Union mission to end slavery