Climate Change Impact And A Proposal For a Water Treatment Plant (Jadacaquiva, Venezuela)

1. Climate Change ImpactAnd A Proposal For a Water Treatment Plant(Jadacaquiva, Venezuela) Author: ArregoitiaSarabia, Carla Adriana Arrher Research Division Contact: carla.arregoitia@arrher.com

2. Table of Contents • Introduction • The Project Location • Justification • The Problem • Important Points • The Objective • Basis for Design • Plant Design • Other technical Aspects • Conclusions • Bibliography

3. The project location • This project is a proposal presented to design a waste water treatment plant of an abattoir place in the region of Falcón, Venezuela. Google

4. The project location • The town ofJadacaquiva is located in the middle of theParaguaná Peninsula. • A town with long history from the 16th century and famous for its cattle and goat. • Population is over 3,600ppl • About 302ppl live from agriculture and cattle activities. • About 85 % of the land is commonly owned • Other products: Aloe Vera oil and soap Jadacaquiva's church was built by Alejandro de Quevedo Villegas and his wife, Rosa, in 1749. It has architectural elements of the Jewish religion. The structure of the campanile, separate from the church, is styled Caribbean Dutch (common to Curaçao architecture).

5. Justifications The impacts considered in a treatment plant should include the future population growth, climate change and water management Projected Water Scarcity and Stress in 2025 [1] As cities continue to expand their water supply gets more difficult.

6. Justifications Population growth in countries like China and India will remain high compared to Mexico, Japan and Spain.[2] Population of Venezuela = 27,150,095ppl. on the last statistics. The new preliminary results from 2011 is aprox. 28.750.000~28.900.000 ppl. [3]

7. Justifications Region conditions • One of the dryest areas of the country • Only one river located in the peninsula • Weather: arid (savannah) • Average annual rain < 300 mm • Strong winds 35 km/h • Highest precipitation at the end of the year (i.e. Novembber ~83,5mm) • Average temperature 27°- 28°C. [4]

8. Justifications Climate Change • Weather changes will impact the area to a case of extreme drought if temperatures keep rising. • There will be a great effect on the agriculture activity. Venezuela has a medium temperature change. Venezuela ranking is Fair [5]

9. Justification • Climate change increases environmental and social problems and food security will be at risk • There is a need to increase adaptation capacity to changes in agriculture and other food processing • Food systems should change to better satisfy demand • This project involves local and country authorities and therefore can serve as an example for other regions in the long term • Needs to involve other investment sources, innovation and local will to build a food system for the population • Sustainable agriculture, improvement of infrastructure, recovery of degraded ecosystems are part of a long term development. • Contributes to diminish the impacts of climate change in the region, provides sustainable food security to the population • It can cause a relocation of the plant and create an economic negative impact in the area • This plant is an example of where, how and when to take action.

10. The problem • The growth of the Paraguaná Península has provided economic development, but public services keep collapsing today continuously during high tourists seasons. • Drinkable water is much more inefficient in rural areas due to damage infrastructures and high population demand • The state of Falcón has many problems with water distribution, pumping stations, not enough infrastructures for collection and water treatment. • An aqueduct (from Maticora) is being built but it is still estimated not to be enough • Bigger problems arise such as social, sanitary and economic due to high unemployment rate and migrations of the area decreasing living conditions. • There are communities with no drinkable water systems and others that are being restricted, and communities with low pressure in lines due to conditions of infrastructure and illegal supply point of piping systems. Action is needed!!!

11. Important points • This is a social project in the area. • Proposes treatment for all effluents to be used on farms land for irrigation • It will contribute to aquifer recharge • It presently has critical conditions due to: intense drought of the region • Contains brackish water • No close natural water sources other than wells. • This plant is a proposal to cope with all problems mentioned previously, improve socioeconomic situation of the region and encourage cattle activities.

12. Objective Warning: this topic is delicate to some sensitive people due to its content on meat processing. • This is a economic need and therefore concerns public health • To produce good quality meat for the region • Obtain good quality sub products: • Edible: guts, heart, liver, organs used for sausages etc.. • Inedible: blood, skin, fat, bones, etc. • Water treatment of the plant includes: • Physical-chemical treatment to reduce inorganic contaminants (solids, grease, oils) needs few space and low cost [7]. • Biological treatment of urban waters (large volumes and low contaminants). Building small vases which increases the cost and the need of space. • The use of sand filters to provide quality water for farms

13. Basis for Design • The plant will: • Minimize water contamination and consumption • Improvement of the treatment systems. • The region has a couple more of industrial slaughterhouses that up until now did not considered the treatment of the water.

14. Basis for Design • Residual water comes from: • 10-15% from the salting and guts processing, • 20-25% from sausages and ham making; • and 60- 70% cleaning water 1Lt = 125.400 mg. DBO 1 Cow =10Lt = 1.25 Kg. DBO 1 Person = 0.090Kg DBO/day 1 Cow = 14 People 400M Cow/year = 5.6 MM People

15. Basis for Design The slaughterhouse processes about 300 units/day. It has a place for butchering. This means about 600 m3 of water/day[6]

16. Basis for Design Consider the limits regulations Theoretical composition of residual water was established from the Munich Municipal slaughterhouse. Established that when the blood and residual products are not collected properly, the organic charge can be 2 or three times more than it reports.

17. The Plant Design

18. The Plant Design Preliminary Treatment Used for larger solids, uses U-tubes for grease an foam, and fine solids. Consists of srceens/grids to get rid off large particles such as meat, bones, skin.Prevents clogs and improves efficiency of subsuequent units Primary Treatment: Up to 95 % of SS and 70% BOD removed Physicochemical Treatment: Addition of coagulants and flocculants for sedimentation Clarification: separates the floating particles from the heavier ones. Primary sedimentation is essential before filters Sedimentation tanks (horizontal) for heavy contaminants should allow 6 hr. retention period. Effluents > 1000 m3/d may use mechanical scrappers. Cylindrical sedimentation tanks are more efficient for medium size effluents, and have a higher cost. The stream is free of toxic substances before using it as fertilizers (~3-5 % solids) Sludge streams are recommended to be dried for small and medium size effluents

19. The Plant Design Secondary Treatment To get rid of nitrates and phosphates Oxidation tanks This treatment depends on the budget considered, and space available It is recommended to used together with other industries Tertiary Treatment Treats >99%of SS and decreases DBO5. Technologies such as Reverse Osmosis and electro-dialysis are used to improve the quality of the water, as well as Ozone for disinfection. Brine Streams Normally they go to a river, lake, or the municipal sewage system. Activated carbon, pH control and sand filters are used Higher Cost For this case the water will go into tertiary treatment so it can used in farmland for irrigation

20. Other technical aspects • Extract reusable substances and those that clog pipes • Water sources >30 C must be decreased first • Guts are digested in a biogas installation at 30°C for about 25 days, together with feces, and sludge from separators and clarification units. • Residual waters decompose first (anaerobic) with digested sludge in heating units for 2-3 days. • Pretreated water can pass by a biologic treatment tank by filtration for 54 hr. and 8hrs at the end of clarification or oxidation tanks • Residual waters are first disinfected with Cl before chemical precipitation and sedimentation • Sludge treatment uses heating digesters for stabilization • Duration of the project 18-24 months • Investment: US$545.000 (equipmetn and instalation)

21. Conclusions • It is expected: • That the water treatment plant total removal reaches about 85% of contaminants (DBO5, DQO y SST) and together with the tertiary system up to a 95%. • Meat production increase • Sub product production increase • Better quality products • Health concerns diminishes • Food security guaranteed and sustainability • Contributions to cope with climate changes (aquifer recharge) and treatment of residues • Cattle farmers will strengthen their technological capacities as well as business and organizational • Water will meet standards to be used in farm land • Less volatile substances to produce safety concerns • Project with few residues and more cleaner production • Employment generation

22. Bibliography [1] Schwikert, Shane et. al. Water Scarcity: Tomorrow´s Problems. U. of Michigan. [2] United Nations. The 2008 Revision Population Database [3] Venezuela Governement http://www.ine.gov.ve/ [4] World Bank. Climate Change Knowledge Portal. http://sdwebx.worldbank.org/ [5] Getting Off The Grid – A Blueprint for A New Life. 2011 [6] Penalba., M. Replanteamiento para la depuracion de las aguas residuales en mataderos. [7] Munoz M. Deyanira. System of Residual Water Treatment of Slaughet House: For smaller population. 2000 inhabitants. Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias Vol 3 No.1 Marzo 2005 [8] Jhoniers Guerrero E. Et al. Manejo ambiental de Residuos en Mataderos de Pequenos Municipios. Scientia et Technica Año X, No 26, Diciembre 2004. UTP. ISSN 0122-1701 [9] FAO. Tratamiento de los deshechos y eliminacion de las aguas residuales 1997

23. Thank you very much for your attention Author: Arregoitia Sarabia, Carla Adriana Arrher Research Division Contact infromation: carla.arregoitia@arrher.com