Coastal Management in Indonesia in Decentralized Era

1. Coastal Management in Indonesia in Decentralized Era Coastal zones have been used for multi-purposes including tourism, fisheries, defenses, transportation, mining, and communication. Decentralization on coastal zone management is required, especially for tropical coastal environment. Community-based management should be encouraged to ensure the proper management of coastal resources. • Hendra Yusran Siry • EEOS Visiting Research Fellow • The United Nations- Nippon Foundation Fellowship 2006 - 2007 EEOS CZM 324 Class Fall Semester October 30, 2006 Science Centre, UMass Boston

2. About my self: HENDRA YUSRAN SIRY Planner Agency for Marine and Fisheries Research (AMFR) Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries (MMAF) Jl. M.T. Haryono Kav. 52-53, Pancoran Jakarta 12770, Indonesia Web: http://www.dkp.go.id PhD Candidate Resource Management in Asia-Pacific Program (RMAP) Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies (RSPAS)The Australian National University, Canberra ACT 0200 AustraliaTelp : + 61 2 6125 8072Facsimile : + 61 2 6125 4896 e-mail : hendra.siry@anu.edu.auweb : http://rspas.anu.edu.au/rmap/

3. Introduction to Indonesia Overview of Coastal Management Decentralization and Learning from Pilots Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries Efforts and Initiatives Conclusions Overview of presentation

4. Boston 9935 miles (15990 km) (8634 nautical miles) Jakarta

5. INDONESIA: VAST LAND, SEA, POPULATION Portland Kalimantan Sumatra Chicago Papua Wash, DC Sulawesi Java Kalimantan > Thailand Sumatra > Sweden, Iraq Papua > California, Montana Sulawesi > South Dakota Java ~ Arkansas, Greece JUST FOR COMPARISON….

6. Introduction to Indonesia

7. Introduction to Indonesia (I) • Indonesia’s is the World’s largest archipelago • 81,000 km of coastline • 17,500 islands (official count underway) • Stretches over 3 equatorial time zones • Marine waters cover 75% of the national area (~ 5.8 million km2), with third largest EEZ in the world (2.7 million km2 ) • Fourth largest population in the world (~230 million people)

8. Introduction to Indonesia (II) • ~ 80% of coastal population engages in marine resource-dependent activities • 24% of Indonesia’s GDP comes from marine industries – it serves as direct employment for >16 million people • ~66% of Indonesia’s animal-based protein consumption is fish, including non-coastal populations (FAO, 2000) • 60-95% of population lives within 100 km of the coast (WRI, 2001) • Coastal poverty, lack of education, population growth continues • Coastal resources degradation

9. Coastal Degradation

10. Coral mining

11. Coral graveyards

12. Coastal erosion

13. Waste problems

14. Muro Ami Fishing • Overfishing Overexploitation and destructive fishing

15. Destructive fishing • Blast fishing • Fishing with cyanide

16. Sewage from industrial and domestic

17. Overview Coastal Management

18. Source: Siry (2006)

19. Overview of Coastal Management (1) • The first Indonesian long-term development plan (1969 – 1993) emphasized terrestrial resources (forestry, mining) • Fisheries considered minor • Tourism insignificant • Central coastal projects implemented general one-size-fit all solutions (GIS training, data collection, etc.) in regions • Shifting management of coastal zone to be more decentralized to local governments

20. Overview of Coastal Management (2) • Political transition; just begin the decentralization process; • Dealing with domestic geopolitical situations; • Issues of local government capacities and capabilities; • Requirements for decentralized CZM = enabling conditions for making decentralized CZM work = institutional disciplines; • Establishment the Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries (MMAF).

21. Decentralization and Learning from Pilots

22. Decentralization and Learning from Pilots • Began ICM pilots in the regions: • Riau Coastal Zone Land Use Management • Coastal Environmental Management and Planning (CEMP) • Balikpapan Bay Management Plan • North Sulawesi CB-CRM • New Approaches included: • Facilitating across sectors • Focusing on local needs • Involving local stakeholders in decision-making • Creating legal frameworks

23. Reasons for decentralized CZM • Large population, • Intensity and density of development growth, • History of area growth, • Diversity of marine and coastal resources, • Economic considerations, • Local needs merit local management, • Efficient and effectiveness (decision making process, communication, bureaucracy).

24. Opportunities and Implications • Tailored management to coastal issues • New opportunities to revitalize and institutionalize local specific values, norms and rights into governance system • Shifting from: • Decentralization: • district levels have more legal backup to manage coastal zone • recognition of local values • Centralization: • ignorance of marine and coastal issues • lack of recognition of local values Institutional, Budgeting and Human Resources

25. Get closer to the law (1) Article 18 Law 32/2004: Districts and municipalities (Kabupaten/Kota): • Authority (not territory) to manage the resources • Sharing revenue • Task: • Exploration, exploitation, conservation and management • Administrative decentralization • Spatial planning • Law enforcement • Role in national sovereignty

26. Get closer to the law(2) (4) Authority to manage: • Province: 12 nautical miles seaward • Kabupaten/kota: 1/3 of province • Midline principle (prinsip garistengah) for marine waters less than above (5) Exception for subsistence and traditional fishermen

27. Current Shifting Policy in Indonesian CZM • Law 34/2004 (previously 22/1999) has significantly changed the governance coastal and marine resources • Implementation of the two laws on decentralization Central Government 12 nm Province Kabupaten/Kota 4 nm 0 nm

28. Get closer to the law(2) (4) Authority to manage: • Province: 12 nautical miles seaward • Kabupaten/kota: 1/3 of province • Midline principle (prinsip garistengah) for marine waters less than above (5) Exception for subsistence and traditional fishermen

29. In summary the laws are: More local concerned More fiscal balance Better services delivery More devolution and delegation

30. Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries

31. Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries • Established in 1999 with mandate • To increase economic growth through sustainable fisheries and ocean development activities; • To ensure fair distribution of income and other development benefits among fisheries and ocean stakeholders; • To ensure the maintenance of carrying capacity and quality of coastal and marine environment. • With the establishment of MMAF = marine and fisheries sector starts to awaken, more attention to the livelihood of the coastal communities, projected targets for increased contribution to the economy are becoming eminent

32. ORGANIZATION STRUCTURE • Minister • Secretariat General • Directorate General of Coastal and Small Islands Affairs • Directorate General of Capture Fisheries • Directorate General of Aquaculture Development • Directorate General of Marketing • Directorate General of Sea Surveillance • Inspectorate General • Agency for Marine and Fisheries Research

33. MINISTRY OF FISHERIES AND MARINE AFFAIRS MINISTRY OF FISHERIES AND MARINE AFFAIRS SECRETARIAT GENERAL SECRETARIAT GENERAL INSPECTORAT GENERAL INSPECTORAT GENERAL AGENCY FOR MARINE AND FISHERY RESEACH AGENCY FOR MARINE AND FISHERY RESEACH DG OF SEA SURVEILLANCE DG OF SEA SURVEILLANCE DG OF COASTAL AND SMALL ISLANDS AFFAIR DG OF COASTAL AND SMALL ISLANDS AFFAIR DG OF CAPTURE FISHERIES DG OF CAPTURE FISHERIES DG OF AQUACULTURE DEVELOPMENT DG OF AQUACULTURE DEVELOPMENT DG OF CAPACITY BUILDING & MARKETING DG OF CAPACITY BUILDING & MARKETING SECRETARIAT DIRECTORATE GENERAL SECRETARIAT DIRECTORATE GENERAL SECRETARIAT DIRECTORATE GENERAL SECRETARIAT DIRECTORATE GENERAL SECRETARIAT DIRECTORATE GENERAL SECRETARIAT DIRECTORATE GENERAL SECRETARIAT DIRECTORATE GENERAL SECRETARIAT DIRECTORATE GENERAL SECRETARIAT DIRECTORATE GENERAL SECRETARIAT DIRECTORATE GENERAL DIR OF SPATIAL PLANNING FOR SEA, COASTAL AND SMALL ISLANDS DIR OF SPATIAL PLANNING FOR SEA, COASTAL AND SMALL ISLANDS DIR OF FISHERY RESOURCES DIR OF FISHERY RESOURCES DIR OF FISH BREEDING DIR OF FISH BREEDING DIR OF GOVERNMENT INSTITUTION DIR OF GOVERNMENT INSTITUTION DIR OF SURVEILLANCE OF FISHERY RESOURCES DIR OF SURVEILLANCE OF FISHERY RESOURCES DIR OF CONSERVATION AND NATIONAL MARINE PARK DIR OF CONSERVATION AND NATIONAL MARINE PARK DIR OF CAPTURE FISHERY FACILITIES DIR OF CAPTURE FISHERY FACILITIES DIR OF AQUACULTURE INFRASTRUCTURE DIR OF AQUACULTURE INFRASTRUCTURE DIR OF ENTERPRENERSHIP INSTITUTION DIR OF ENTERPRENERSHIP INSTITUTION DIR OF SURVEILLANCE OF EINVIRONMETAL SERVICES DIR OF SURVEILLANCE OF EINVIRONMETAL SERVICES DIR COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT DIR COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT DIR OF CAPTURE FISHERY INFRASTUCTURES DIR OF CAPTURE FISHERY INFRASTUCTURES DIR OF FISH CULTURE DEVELOPMENT DIR OF FISH CULTURE DEVELOPMENT DIR OF INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTION DIR OF INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTION DIR OF SURVEILLANCE OF ECOSYSTEM DIR OF SURVEILLANCE OF ECOSYSTEM DIR OF SMALL ISLANDS MANAGEMENT DIR OF SMALL ISLANDS MANAGEMENT DIR CAPTURE SERVICES DIR CAPTURE SERVICES DIR OF FISH HEALT MANAGEMENT DIR OF FISH HEALT MANAGEMENT DIR OF FISH MARKETING DIR OF FISH MARKETING DIR OF SURVEILLANCE OF INFRASTUCTURE AND FACILITIES DIR OF SURVEILLANCE OF INFRASTUCTURE AND FACILITIES DIR OF COMMUNITY EMPOWERMWNT DIR OF COMMUNITY EMPOWERMWNT DIR OF PRODUCT QUALITY AND POST HARVEST DIR OF PRODUCT QUALITY AND POST HARVEST DIR OF FISH CULTURE POST HARVEST DIR OF FISH CULTURE POST HARVEST DIR OF CAPITAL INVESTMENT DIR OF CAPITAL INVESTMENT DIR OF VIOLATION CONTROL DIR OF VIOLATION CONTROL

34. Major Programs : • Empowerment of coastal and fisheries communities • Improvement of contribution to economic growth (development of aquaculture, etc) • Rehabilitation and conservation of habitat and ecosystem • Building public awareness that sea as unifying factor for the nation

35. Efforts and Initiatives

36. Current Efforts : • Integrated Coastal Management through implementation of this ICM approach in all provinces and coastal districts/cities, particularly through MCRMP, CRMP, COREMAP phase II Projects and with MMAF de-concentration program. • Community-based Small-Island Management and Sustainable Development. • Empowering Socioeconomic of Coastal Community, through poverty alleviation, alternative income generating, access to the capital and technology to rehabilitate the coastal ecosystem as well as to reduce the anthropogenic impacts. • Coastal-Marine Resource Conservation and Marine National Parks. This activity covers the phasing out management of the current six Marine National Parks

37. Creating Partners with the Regions • A Marine Affairs and Fisheries Ministerial Decree No. 10/MEN/2002 for Integrated Coastal Management has been issued by 9 April 2002, to endorse the implementation of Integrated Coastal Management Approach on local government coastal areas. • This policy will be followed by a series of national guidelines for • integrated coastal management, marine spatial plan • small-island management • coastal community empowerment

38. Legal Framework: Dealing with Partnership and Incentives • MMAF has initiated a Coastal and Small Island Management Bill that provide provision for decentralized integrated coastal management through partnership and community based management. • Developed under an open and public process • Background and justification info widely available and published • Draft law completed for public review/comment • Based on mandatory and voluntary provisions • Creates a nested system from National to Provincial to District to Village

39. PARTNERS in PROJECTS • The multilateral Coral Reef Rehabilitation and Management Program (COREMAP) Phase I & II • Bilateral Aid program such as CRMP – USAID; INTECOREEF – JICA; CEPI and EMDI - CIDA • Marine conservation program that are carried out by non various research institutions • The most recent integrated coastal management project will be MCRMP in 15 provinces and 43 districts/cities • Blended together to make holistic program

40. Recent Achievement • Gradual implementation of MCS • Harmonization of quality standards (Mutual Recognition Arrangements/MRA signed) • Establishment of super-hatchery for marine fish Launching of monitoring program of the migration and distribution of fish stocks to support fishermen operation • Strong support expressed by local government and various stakeholders • Enactment of New Fisheries Act • The process of making Coastal Zone Management Act

41. Conclusion

42. Conclusion (1) • Coastal zone management in Indonesia faces large scale social, economic and environmental problems; • Coastal zone management in Indonesia is in devolved experiment (two ways with more concern to local capacities, resources and solutions. Special treatments apply for experimentation). • It has improved its framework;...but ..it needs much stronger political will;

43. Conclusion (2) • Challenge: how to make decentralized coastal zone management work for Indonesia • effective and efficient functioning of government • creating the enabling conditions and avoiding misperception of decentralization • The role of central government (especially MMAF) is an essential

44. Thank you

45. Further information