Juvenile Justice in America

1. Juvenile Justice in America SOC 106 Part 2 - The Nature and Extent of Delinquency

2. A nation of juvenile delinquency - legal definition - behavioral definition a. Legal - labeled by the court (1) Brought to court - found guilty (2) Eyes of law and society - juvenile is a delinquent

3. b. Behavioral - violates a law - whether caught or not - still a delinquent (1) People see delinquent act - do not call police - still a delinquent (2) Arrested but not charged - dropped from system - not legally labeled delinquent

4. (a) Still a delinquent - eyes of police / public (b) Behavior can also label - whether delinquent or not (c) Hair color / dress - chains / black clothing c. Two methods for dealing with delinquents - classical view / positivist view - differing views

5. (1) Classical - deterrence / incapacitation / punish - today’s society (2) Positivist - treatment / education / rehabilitation - what is most ‘positive’ for youth - belief of Child Savers 2. National Conference of Commissioners on Uniform State Laws – 1968 - not all states followed

6. - states still operated individually a. Definitions: (1) Child - “An individual who is under 18 years of age or under the age of 21 years who committed an act of delinquency before reaching the age of 18 years.” (2) Delinquent act - “An act designated a crime under the law.”

7. (3) Delinquent child - “A child who has committed a delinquent act and in need of treatment or rehabilitation.” (4) Defined unruly child / deprived child / and custodian b. Purpose of the act: (1) To provide care, protection, and wholesome moral, mental, and physical development of children coming within its provisions.

8. (2) Consistent with the protection of the public interest, to remove from children committing delinquent acts the taint of criminality and the consequences of criminal behavior and to substitute therefore a program of treatment, training, and rehabilitation. (3) To achieve the foregoing purposes in a family environment, whenever possible, separating the child from his parents only when necessary for his welfare or in the interest of public safety.

9. (4) To provide a simple judicial procedure through which this act is executed and enforced and in which the parties are assured a fair hearing and their constitutional and other legal rights recognized and enforced. (5) To provide simple interstate procedures which permit a resort to cooperative measures among the juvenile courts of the several states when required to effectuate the purposes of this act.

10. National Conference of Commissioners: (1) Probation services - both state / local (a) Adequately trained - work loads limited - conditions established - required time / attention (b) Duties include: - investigate / report / recommend

11. - receive / examine complaint / charges - supervise / assist - appropriate referrals - custody / detain (i) Probation officers - no police powers (ii) Incompatible role (2) Court services

12. - superior court - part time / full time - referee / commissioner d. Other aspects: (1) Transfer from criminal court - defendant under 18 - time of offense - transferred to juvenile court (a) Remand hearings

13. - before juvenile court (2) Venue / transfer - take place in county - where juvenile lives - ask case be transferred (3) Take into custody: (a) Court order - issued by juvenile court - signed by judge

14. (b) Laws of arrest - violate written law - detain / custody (c) By police if: - illness / injury - immediate danger - runaway (d) Act states: “The taking of a child into custody is not an arrest, except for the purpose of determining its

15. validity under the Constitution of the state or of the United States.” (e) Not hold in confinement - unless necessary to assure appearance (f) Can be held in: - detention center / shelter / foster home - other suitable place designated by juvenile court

16. (4) Petition (filing document) - necessary facts - bring to court (a) Must include: - facts of wrongful act - name / age / residence - name / residence of parents / guardian / custodian / spouse (b) Any one can make petition - law enforcement / public

17. (c) Not filed until: - probation determines - interest of child / public • Juvenile Justice Act:Washington state – 1977 a. “It is the intent of the legislature that a system capable of having primary responsibility for, being accountable for, and responding to the needs of youthful offenders, as defined by this chapter, be established.”

18. b. “It is the further intent of this legislature that youth, in turn, be held accountable for their offenses and both communities and the juvenile courts carry out their functions consistent with this intent. To effectuate these policies, it shall be the purpose of this chapter to: (1) Protect the citizenry from criminal behavior (2) Provide for determining whether

19. accused juveniles have committed offenses as defined by this chapter. (3) Make the juvenile offender accountable for his or her criminal behavior. (4) Provide for punishment commensurate with the age, crime, criminal history of the juvenile offender. (7) thru (13): due process / treatment / custody / supervision / restitution / funding.

20. (14) Provide for a clear policy to determine what types of offenders shall receive punishment, treatment, or both. c. Goal of Juvenile Justice Act: - commit serious offender - help minor offender • Washington law a. Take into custody under following circumstances:

21. (1) Pursuant to court order - complaint filed with court - violation of court order - violation of probation (a) Complaint (petition) filed by prosecutor (2) Without a court order: - arrest by police officer - grounds exist for arrest of adult in identical circumstances - no arrest for status offenses

22. (3) Material witness hold - protection of the child (4) Parole suspended - can be arrested - returned to state institution b. Juvenile detention - probable cause (1) Offense / violate terms / fail to appear - can be held

23. (2) Protect juvenile - from self (3) Protect community - poses threat (4) Intimidate witnesses - interferes with case (5) Commits another crime (6) Parole suspended

24. (7) Material witness - protect child (a) No definition for juvenile delinquency in Washington state (b) Juvenile offender - “Any juvenile who has been found by the juvenile court to have committed an offense.” c. Sources of criminal data

25. - Uniform Crime Report (Federal Bureau of Investigation) - Monitoring the Future (juvenile survey) - National Crime Victimization Survey - Self-Report Studies (1) First 4 years - child abuse highest - Uniform Crime Report (a) Infant (under 1 year) - average: 200 murders

26. (b) Baby (1 to 4 years) - average: 320 murders (c) Highest: - child abuse (d) To survive: - life’s essentials: love / care / needs satisfied (2) Learning process - next 10 years

27. - from watching / doing - those around us (a) Form: personalities / character / morals / likes / dislikes (b) Positive reinforcement - from family - from peer group (c) Accept reinforcement - actions that brought praise

28. (d) Need positive reinforcement - family / teachers / community (e) High school - established beliefs / behavior (f) Change delinquent behavior - very difficult • Labeling process - placed on people - as a society / as individuals

29. a. High school - jocks / nerds / druggies / socials / brains (1) Push into role - avoid / stigmatize (a) Druggie: - not socialize with (b) Nerd: - avoid - not stigmatized

30. (2) Because of labeling - we avoid (a) Accept negative reinforcement - continue in role - associate with “nerds” - start using (b) Associate with those individuals (3) Label as a society - work / neighborhood / town

31. (a) Neighborhood prank - labeled delinquent (b) Work - gets fired - worthless / delinquent / failure b. What is labeling? - descriptive word / phrase - apply to: person / group / theory (1) Important: study of juvenile delinquency

32. - not juvenile studied - the social audience - does labeling (2) Beginning of studies: - Charles Cooley: 1902 - book: theory / process (a) “Looking Glass Self” - see themselves - imagine defined by others

33. (b) Can come from: - peers / elders (3) Theory: - criminal created - way society treats actions (a) Shoot store clerk - labeled “killer” (b) Shoot town bully - labeled “protector”

34. (4) Characteristics - no act intrinsically criminal - until society says - pass a law (a) Definitions / labels - enforced - interest of society (b) Criminal definition / label - interest of powerful groups - or representatives - police / courts