EALCO - a model for climate impact analysis of ecosystems

1. Earth Sciences Sector EALCO - a model for climate impact analysis of ecosystems Reducing Canada's vulnerability to climate change Shusen Wang Canada Centre for Remote Sensing Natural Resources Canada Yinsuo Zhang Vladimir Korolevich Richard Fernandes Josef Cihlar

2. Outline • Introduction • Model Structure • Sample Results

3. National Regional Municipality Geo. & bio. C Paleo Climate Social eco. cost Glacial Coastal Permafrost Ecosystems Water resources EO & atm. radiation CCP

4. Ecosystem Energy Cycle Water Cycle Carbon Cycle Nitrogen Cycle Climate • Climate Change • Climate Variability • Extreme Event • Local vs. Regional • Short term vs. Long term • etc. Climate drives ecosystem. Ecosystem feedbacks on climate. Ecosystem and Climate Ecosystem consists of fundamental physical, physiological, biogeochemical processes. Ecosystem processes are intrinsically dynamic and highly coupled with each other.

5. Energy Cycle Water Cycle EALCO Carbon Cycle Nitrogen Cycle Climate Impact Assessment EALCO - Ecological Assimilationof Landand Climate Observations Inputs Outputs Water Balance Carbon Budget Radiation and Energy Budget Nitrogen dynamics Satellite EO Surface & Subsurface Observations Climate Model Outputs/Reanalysis GIS Database • Impact • Response • Sensitivity • Vulnerability • Feedback • Adaptation Outcomes Assessment

6. The Radiation module EALCO • Gap probability based ray tracing approach. • Multi-canopy layers and multi-wavelength for solar radiation. • Separation of direct vs. diffuse components. • Long wave radiation calculated from canopy and ground surface temperatures obtained through their energy balance solutions. Wang, S., et al., 2002, Eco. Mod., 155: 191-204. Wang, S. et al., 2004, Eco. Mod. (in review). Wang, S. et al., 2003, IGARSS

7. The Energy Balance module EALCO • Energy balance solution for canopy, soil, and snow, using surface temperatures as prognostic variables. • Canopy energy balance coupled with plant water balance and canopy C dynamics. • Multi-soil and snow layer identification for heat transfer and water/ice/snow phase change. Wang, S., 2002, International J. Climatology 22: 1249-1265.

8. The Water Balance module EALCO • Dynamic canopy water balance solution using leaf water potential as the prognostic variable. • Climate and physiological control on evapotranspiration through nested iteration for energy balance and intercellular CO2 balance. • Multi-layer hydraulic conductance for soil and root (radial and axial). • Richardson equation for soil water simulation. •  method for ground surface evaporation. Wang, S., et al., 2002, International J. Climatology 22: 1249-1265. Zhang, Y. and Wang, S., 2004, AGU 2004 Joint Assembly, Montreal, Canada.

9. The Carbon Balance module EALCO • Farquhar model based C fixation. • Identification of sunlit and shaded leaves. • Identification of different plant compartments for organ growth, respiration, and litter production. • Identification of three C pools for litterfall and three C pools for soil organic matter. • Multi-soil layer heterotrophic respiration. Wang, S., et al., 2002, Climatic Change 55: 451-477. Wang, S., et al., 2001, Eco. Mod., 142: 135-154.

10. The Nitrogen Balance module EALCO • Nitrogen balance among atmospheric deposition, fertilizer, and ecosystem leaching. • Plant and soil N content balanced by root N uptake and litterfall. • Dynamic root N uptake algorithms including both active and passive N transfers. • Corresponding plant and soil N pools to carbon pools. Wang, S., et al., 2002, Climatic Change 55: 451-477. Wang, S., et al., 2001, Eco. Mod., 142: 135-154.

11. leaf qa Atmosphere rc,sunlit ra rc,shaded qsat(Tc) Canopy c rx,1 root soil Soil layer 1 rx,2 Cw rx,3 rr,1 r,1 rs,1 s,1 Soil layer 2 rr,2 r,2 rs,2 s,2 Soil layer 3 rr,3 r,3 rs,3 s,3 The Water Transfer scheme EALCO

12. Foliage Stem Fine Root CO2 Photosynthesis Substrate C Substrate C Substrate C Substrate N Substrate N Substrate N Resistance Resistance Structural C N Structural C N Structural C N Exudation Heartwood N uptake Litter fall The Plant C and N scheme EALCO

13. litterfall Leaf, Stem Cellulose Extract. Lignin Surface litter CO2 N deposition Min. N Microbial PLANTC Active Slow Humus Soil layer 1 CO2 Root N uptake Microbial Min. N CO2 C Extract. Lignin Cellulose litterfall N Soil layer 2 N Leaching The soil C and N scheme EALCO Fertilizer

14. The Soil and SnowThermal & Water scheme EALCO LE H Rsdn Rldn Rlup G Runoff Snow layers LE H Rsdn Rldn Rlup Puddles G Wflow G Root uptake Soil layers Drainage or capillary rise Water table

15. CO2 Sensible heat Ta ca Boundary layer ra ra Tc rl Stomate ci Leaf Interior Energy, Water, and CO2 processes around a leaf EALCO RN H2O ea ra rl es(Tc) CO2 ATP, NADPH Dark reactions Light reactions H2O O2 C

16. The coupling scheme of Energy, Water, and CO2 EALCO Iteration for c Iteration for Tc Iteration for Ci CANOPY CO2 balance Energy balance Water balance Control Equations: Canopy water balance Canopy energy balance Canopy CO2 balance

17. Sample Results- Response of Ci to CO2 concentration

18. Sample Results- 2XCO2 Impact on ET, GPP, and NPP

19. Site Application - Energy, water and CO2 fluxes

20. Site Application - Snow depth

21. Site Application- Soil and snow temperatures 2001-2002

22. Site Application - Annual C and H2O budgets for the boreal old aspen ecosystem ET – Evapotranspiration; GPP – Gross Primary Production; NPP – Net Primary Production; NEP – Net Ecosystem Productivity; Meas. NEP – Measured NEP.

23. Regional Application - ET validation using water balance measurements Churchill-falls sub-basin average ET observed: 260mm/year (Courtesy of OURANOS Consortium)

24. National Application - Annual ET (1961-1990) at CWEEDS* stations *CWEEDS - Canadian Weather Energy and Engineering Data Sets

25. National Application - Sample inputs

26. National Application - Sample outputs THANK YOU!