Chapter 8-9 American Nationalism Jacksonian Democracy

1. Chapter 8-9American NationalismJacksonian Democracy

2. James Monroe 1817-1825 John Quincy Adams 1825-1829 Andrew Jackson 1829-1837

3. James Monroe • 5th U.S. President • Secretary of State & War under President James Madison • Part of the negotiations that led to the purchase of the Louisiana Territory • Virginia Governor • Served as Minister to France under President Washington during the French Revolution • A Revolutionary War soldier that took part in the Battle of Trenton & camped at Valley Forge

4. Never did a government commence under auspices so favorable, nor ever was success so complete. If we look to the history of other nations, ancient or modern, we find no example of a growth so rapid, so gigantic, of a people so prosperous and happy. In contemplating what we have still to perform, the heart of every citizen must expand with joy when he reflects how near our Government has approached to perfection. • James Monroe First Inaugural Address March 4, 1817

5. “Era of Good Feelings” • The time period after the war had ended, symbolized by James Monroe, that was without the bitter partisanship (political division) of the early republic. • A period of one-party rule. • Not everyone enjoyed the “good feelings” especially Native & African-Americans.

6. Native Americans • Monroe first proposed the removal of Native American tribes West of the Mississippi River. • The Spanish & British encouraged emigration of Native Americans & runaway slaves to Florida. The Spanish wanted them to provide a buffer between them & the English/Americans, while the British recruited them to fight on their side in the War of 1812.

7. Native Americans • After the war, President Monroe directed General Andrew Jackson to attack their settlement called the “Negro Fort”. Although they resisted, the former slaves were returned to slavery & the natives sent to reservations in the West.

8. Spanish Florida • This led to a wider campaign against tribes such as the Creek & Seminoles led by Andrew Jackson. This effort led to the capture of Florida from Spain. • The Adams-Onis Treaty (1819) with Spain turned Florida over to the United States where Jackson was named military governor. • Monroe stated that the Seminoles “should be removed . . . or concentrated within narrower limits”.

9. “The Indian Fighter” • It is during this time that Andrew Jackson gains his reputation as a fierce Indian fighter. • Consider this angle: By removing the power of the southeastern native tribes, Jackson & Monroe paved the way for the Cotton Kingdom to flourish & with it SLAVERY

10. Missouri Compromise • Missouri petitioned for statehood in 1817 • The compromise, crafted by Henry Clay of Kentucky, was finalized in 1820 but it was more of a political deal than a compromise. • Missouri would be admitted as a slave state, but slavery would not be allowed in any Western territory above Missouri’s southern border. As part of the deal, Maine was admitted as a free state.

11. Missouri Compromise • Monroe did not approve of the compromise, he thought Congress did not have the power to ban slavery in the territories, but feared a civil war. Sectional lines were being drawn that would lead the nation to a civil war eventually. • Monroe favored gradual emancipation with repatriation or sending freed slaves to a colony in Africa. The American Colonization Society formed in 1816 & used government grants to purchase land in Africa near present-day Liberia. Ultimately the idea did not catch on.

12. Missouri Compromise • “This momentous question, like a fire bell in the night, awakened and filled me with terror. I considered it at once as the knell of the Union.” - Thomas Jefferson on the Compromise • The Missouri Compromise proved to be a temporary solution.

13. Monroe Doctrine (1823) • “It is impossible that the allied powers should extend their political system to any portion of either continent without endangering our peace and happiness . . . “ -James Monroe December 2, 1823 • The document was actually written by Secretary of State John Quincy Adams, but bears Monroe’s name. • Through the threat of war It simply stated that the United States would not tolerate intervention in the Americas by European nations & signified the rise of the U.S. on the world stage. • By 1822, the U.S. recognized the independent republics of Mexico, Brazil, Chile, & Argentina. Europe was losing its foothold in America that they had enjoyed since the Age of Exploration.

14. Monroe Doctrine

15. Rise of the Democrats • Before the end of Monroe’s second term, political divisions returned. • Between 1820 and 1840, U.S. politics experienced major changes. Direct methods of selecting presidential electors, county officials, state judges, and governors replaced indirect methods. The common people became more involved as voter participation skyrocketed.

16. Rise of the Democrats • The most significant political innovation of the early nineteenth century was the abolition of property qualifications for voting and office holding. • By 1840, universal white manhood suffrage had largely become a reality.

17. Election of 1824 • The 2nd election to be decided by the House of Representatives • 5 candidates – Henry Clay of Kentucky, William Crawford of Georgia, John Quincy Adams of Massachusetts, Andrew Jackson of Tennessee, John C. Calhoun of South Carolina • Sectionalism, the division of the country into geographic areas with their own agendas that replaced party loyalty, fueled a ruthless & bitter campaign

18. “Corrupt Bargain” • No candidate won a majority of the electoral votes. Jackson though received the most electoral votes & had won the popular vote • Henry Clay, who finished fourth & was ineligible in the house vote, threw his support behind Adams & was later named as Adams’ Secretary of State. Jackson & his supporters claimed a “corrupt bargain” had been made.

19. Election of 1824 • John Quincy Adams was selected by the House. • Adams never recovered from the controversy & his presidency suffered. Jackson & his supporters immediately launched his campaign for a presidential run in 1828

20. John Quincy Adams • 6th U.S. President • Secretary of State under President Monroe • U.S. senator & rep from Massachusetts (served after the war where he became an outspoken critic of slavery) • U.S. minister to several European countries

21. John Quincy Adams Legacy • He won a major victory for abolition while arguing in front of the Supreme Court in the Amistad Case where a group of slaves had revolted on a Spanish Slave Ship & ultimately were set free. • He worked for & was successful in eliminating the “gag rule” that prevented the discussion of slavery in Congress.

22. John Quincy Adams Legacy • Adams pushed an ambitious national program of road & canal building as suggested by Henry Clay’s “American System” like the Erie Canal linking Lake Erie to New York completed in 1824.

23. The Economy & Westward Expansion • Manufacturing replaced shipbuilding as the leading industry. • The Industrial Revolution was in its early stages. • Westward expansion created a demand to expand and improve the nation's roads and canals. • A single turnpike, the National Road & a toll road, was created stretching from Maryland to West Virginia, but much later extending westward from Baltimore through Ohio and Indiana to Illinois.

24. The Growth of Political Participation • A shift in selecting candidates for political office was taking place in which political power of the few was being replaced by the many • Americans begin to have organized public meetings to discuss their government. • Newspapers provided news from various parts of the nation. Stories address local to national issues. • Entertainment shows are widely attended by politicians which allows them to talk to the public.

25. The Growth of Political Participation • New Western states constitutions do not have property requirements for voting or holding office • Western local government offices require elections as opposed to appointments • This causes office holders to appeal more to the people and openly speak to their constituents

26. Extending the Right to Vote • After the revolution it was believed that those who owned property,wealth and were educated should govern because they were not dependent on anyone • The differences of Alexander Hamilton and Thomas Jefferson exposed that the nation indeed had many interests • This sparked the desire to expand suffrage (right to vote) to all males. Egalitarianism is the belief in equality for all men

27. Mass Politics and Campaigns • Mudslinging is the act of using rumors or half truths to discredit one’s political candidate • The use of parades, political rallies and “name recognition” are used to appeal to the everyone. • Drinks and food are served at the polls. Fights break out at polling stations.

29. The County Election by Caleb Bingham

30. The Rise of Jackson • People identified with Jackson’s “self-made man” image • Those that supported Jackson were men with little money but big dreams • The Age of Jackson is a period when political supporters are rewarded with government jobs this the spoils system

31. The Spoils System • Spoils system is a Jacksonian idea, he believes that changing government workers is a good thing • It is a system that basically rewards political supporters with government jobs • He believes that ordinary citizens can do government jobs

32. “What about me?” • Women, Blacks and Native Americans are not given the right to vote • Hispanics are considered less than equals • Jacksonian Democracy was a celebration of egalitarian ideals for white males only!

33. The Rise of Jackson • He was not really a champion for the “common man” in fact he was a slave owner with a large plantation • He may have acted like a frontiersman but he was more like a refined Southern gentleman. • He was paternalist and a man of opportunity

34. The Nasty Things You Say! • The 1828 campaign is known for its mudslinging or personal attacks • The Democrats accused Adams of: • trying to procure a American girl for the tsar of Russia • making the White House a gambling den • The Republicans accuse Jackson of: • living in sin with a married woman • being a murderer – Jackson was known for military executions, dueling, & for his treatment of Native Americans

35. Jackson and Democracy • The Democratic Party is born through Jackson and Martin Van Buren. • Called the “Little Magician” because he introduces mudslinging and patronage • The party is focused on the belief of “offering opportunity” to all white males and rewarding party loyalty.

36. Election of 1828 • Candidates: • John Quincy Adams - Republican Candidate • Andrew Jackson – Democratic Candidate • Andrew Jackson, the “Common Man’s President”, was elected as our 7th U.S. President

37. “The Reign of King ‘Mob’ seemed triumphant” • After his inaugural address, hundreds of well-wishers stormed the white house & ransacked the place. • President Jackson had to be evacuated through a window to escape to safety. • Jackson’s critics used this event as the example of what this “new democracy” would bring to the United States.

38. “Mob Rule at the White House”

39. John C. Calhoun • Called the “Cast Iron Man” because of dedication to his beliefs • Professional politician, served as Vice-President to Andrew Jackson • Calhoun wrotethe South Carolina Exposition which introduces the idea of nullification

40. John C Calhoun • Calhoun desired the presidency and he truly disliked Jackson. It was a battle of personalities. • They strongly disagreed over the idea of nullification • Both strongly supported the idea of internal improvements and the growth of the South

41. The Nullification Issue “Our Union – it must be preserved” - Andrew Jackson “The Union, next to our liberty most dear!” - John C. Calhoun

42. The Nullification Issue • South Carolina passes a law outlawing the enforcement of the 1828 “tariff of abominations” that was passed to protect northern factories. • Jackson believes that if states are allowed to nullify federal law then the Union is in danger of collapsing. • Nullify – to get rid of; void • This issue highlighted the growing rift between the Northern & Southern states. • Calhoun believes that he is the defender of the Southern way of life and is determined to stand his ground.

43. The Nullification Issue • Because the Southern states purchased many of their goods from foreign nations, these goods were very expensive as a result of the tariff. • The Northern states are not plagued by the tariffs or a depressed economy. • John C. Calhoun argues that states can nullify a federal law and have the right to secede

44. The Webster-Hayne Debate (1830) • On the floor of the Senate, Robert Hayne of SC argued that the Union was made up of the states and states could nullify laws and secede from the Union. • Daniel Webster of MA argued the people created the Constitution and laws not states and therefore the federal government was the law of the land

45. The Force Bill • Jackson responds to South Carolina’s threats by encouraging congress to reduce tariffs (1832). • Congress also passed the Force Bill, which authorized the President to use the military to enforce acts of Congress.

46. The Force Bill • Congress, led by Henry Clay, reaches a compromise to avoid a potential civil war. The compromise reduces tariffs. • South Carolina backs down on its threat to secede but, turns around and nullifies the Force Bill.

47. Racism Towards Indians • Settlers & the United States had a history of violating treaties and forcibly removing Indians from their land. • The U.S. debated 2 views of dealing with Indians: • assimilate them into American society • forcibly remove them and relocate them to lands west of the Mississippi • A growing number of Americans view Indians as an inferior who blocked progress

48. The Cherokee • The Cherokee represented the success of assimilation. • They developed an alphabet and published a bilingual newspaper called the Cherokee Phoenix • Many of their children were sent to American schools established by white missionaries. • Some were wealthy planters who owned slaves and made their living from cotton.

49. Why Georgia? • Georgia is desired because it possesses fertile soil and is the next area of expansion • Gold is discovered in 1828 in Georgia • Land lotteries of Cherokee land take place even though Cherokees live there

50. The Indian Removal Act, 1830 • Indian Removal Act, offered Native Americans money and new lands west of Mississippi in return for their land in the southeastern states. • Some Cherokees accepted the offer and sell their land while other Cherokee tribes refuse • Americans view Native Americans as blocking the advancement of civilization.