AP English Language

AP English Language Grammar Intensive Parts of Speech Review

1. Nouns • Person, place, thing or idea • Can be: • Proper/common • Concrete/abstract • collective

1. Functions of nouns • Subject • The babycried. • Dogs and catsmake excellent pets. • Predicate Nominative –with a linking verb • My grandfather is a farmer. • Direct Object • The children ate all the cookies.

1. Functions of Nouns • Object complements – directly modifying the direct object. • My aunt calls my uncle sweetheart. • America recently elected Barack Obama president. • Indirect Objects • The salesman sold the companynew computers. • Object of Preposition • Mike bought flowers for Andrea.

1. Functions of Nouns • Appositives • The musician Stevie Nicks is a singer in Fleetwood Mac. • The teacher, my uncle, assigns a lot of homework.

1. Functions of Nouns • Adjectives – noun phrase modifiers • The child actor won an award. • Adjectives - Possessive modifiers • The librarians' report was informative. • Adverbs • We decided to go home. • Today the children woke up early.

2. Pronouns • Use in place of one or more nouns • Can serve all of the same functions as nouns, including ADJECTIVES!! • The word that the pronoun replaces or refers to is called an antecedent • There are seven types of pronouns!

2. Pronoun Types • Personal and Personal Possessive I, me, my, mine He, him, his She, her, hers We, us, our, ours They, them, their, theirs You, your, yours it, its Note: Possessive Pronouns function as ADJECTIVES!

2. Pronoun Types • Reflexive and Intensive • Can be used to REFLECT on a noun or • Can be used to INTENSIFY for emphasis myself ourselves yourself yourselves himself herself itself themselves Ex. Miranda explained herself. Ex. Miranda herself made the explanation.

2. Pronoun Types • Relative Pronouns • Used to introduce subordinate clauses that who whose which whom Ex. The college [that I chose] was in Texas. Ex. Do you know the woman [whose writing was mentioned?]

2. Pronoun Types • Interrogative Pronouns • Used in questions who which what whom whose Ex. Who borrowed my pen? Ex. Which do you prefer?

2. Pronoun Types • Who vs. Whom • Who is always referring to a subject of a verb in a clause • Whom is always referring to an object of a verb in a clause

2. Pronoun Types • Examples of correct “who” usage: • Who went to the circus? • We all know who won the game for the team. • Corieknows who made the cake. • Whoever said that you couldn't dance?

2. Pronoun Types • Examples of correct “whom” usage • For whom did you vote? • With whom do you sail? • Whom should I ask about the discount? • You may go with whomever you choose.

2. Pronoun Types • Who vs. Whom – The he/him test • Try restating your clause as statement or answer. If you can substitute “he,” use who. If you substitute “him,” use whom. • Who went to the circus? He went to the circus • Corie knows who made the cake. He made the cake. • For whom did you vote? I voted for him. • You may go with whomever you choose. I choose him.

2. Pronoun Types • Demonstrative Pronouns • Used to point out persons or things This that these those Ex. That is an excellent answer. Ex. This is the correct answer.

2. Pronoun Types • Indefinite Pronouns • Pronouns that do not usually refer to a specific antecedent all everybody no one another everyone one any few other anybody many several anyone most some both neither somebody each nobody someone either none such

3. Adjectives • A word used to modify a noun or pronoun • Answers the questions: • Which one? • What kind? • How many? • How much?

3. Adjective Placement • Before the nouns they modify • The green apples smelled good. • I placed the arduous task in the hands of a capable student. • Predicate Adjective – with a linking verb • Deborah is practical. • His stew tasted delicious. • After the nouns they modify • The hikers, tired and hungry, straglled into camp

4. Verbs • A word that expresses action or state of being • Three types • Action – transitive or intransitive • Linking – describing state or condition • Helping – used with a main verb to form a verb phrase

4. Verbs • Action Transitive – takes a direct object • The rain pelted the windows. • My cousin boughta car. • Action Intransitive – no object necessary • The rain fell. • My cousin drove. • Some are one, some are both • The chorus sang patriotic songs. (trans) • The chorus sang. (intrans)

4. Verbs • Linking Verbs – describe state of being • Link the subject to a noun, pronoun or adjective that describes or identifies the subject • Links a subject to a subject complement is were appear look am be become remain are being feel seem was been grow sound stay taste

4. Verbs • Linking verb examples • This is she • She looks serious • My uncle was a doctor. • Some words can be linking OR action, based on usage • The singer appeared nervous (linking) • The singer appeared on television (action)

4. Verbs • Helping verbs – combine with other verbs to form verb phrases Am has can/may have Are had could/would/should have Is can could/would/should be Was may will/shall/have been Were will/shall be might have Do will/shall have might have been Did has/had been must Have can/may be must have must have been

4. Verbs • Examples of Helping Verbs – they can be separated and still function as one • Did you see Lorraine Hansberry’s play? • We have not seen it yet.

5. Adverbs • A word used to modify a verb, adjective or other adverb • Answers the questions • Where? • When? • In what way? • To what extent?

5. Adverbs • Modify a verb • She reads quickly. (in what way) • She reads early and late. (when) • She reads everywhere. (where) • She reads thoroughly. (to what extent) • She reads frequently. (how often)

5. Adverbs • Modify an adjective • She is an awfully intense competitor • Modify another adverb • She skated very well. • Used chiefly for emphasis really actually truly indeed • She can actually fly over the ice • She is a really good skater.

5. Adverbs • Nouns as adverbs • My parents left yesterday. • They will return Saturday.

6. Preposition • A word used to show the relation of a noun or pronoun to some other word in a sentence • Used as part of a prepositional phrase About beside of up Above besides off upon Across between on with After beyond over within Against by past without Along concerning since Amid down through Among during throughout Around except to At for toward Before from under Behind in underneath Below into until Beneath like unto

6. Preposition • Examples of prepositions/phrases • The first speaker [on the program] is my mother. • Her cousin will teach [in San Diego] next year. • The two [of us] edited the article [for the magazine].

7. Conjunctions • Joins words or groups of words • Coordinating, Correlative, or Subordinating

7. Conjunctions • Coordinating conjunctions • Connect items of equal importance and but or nor for so yet Ex. The bear turned and lumbered off into the woods. Ex. We can use a pickup truck or a jeep.

7. Conjunctions • Correlative Conjunctions • Must be used as a pair… shows correlation Either… or neither… nor Both… and not only… but (also) Whether… or Ex. She helped both Carrie and me with our applications

7. Conjunctions • Subordinating conjunctions • Used to begin subordinate clauses (usually adverb clauses) After before provided Although how since As if than As much as inasmuch as that Because in order that though Unless until when Where while Note: many of these words can also be used as prepositions, adverbs or relative pronouns

7. Conjunctions • Examples of subordinating conjunctions • This computer is even better [than we had anticipated]. • The sun had already set [when we reached the Grand Canyon]. • [If the price is right], I will buy your bicycle. • [Since you can’t help me], I will do it myself

8. Interjections • A word that expresses emotion and has no grammatical relation to any other word in the sentence. Oh! My goodness! Yikes! Yeah, Hooray! Sure, Awww,

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AP English Language