Exploring the First Global Age: Trade, Exploration, and Cultural Exchange

1. The First Global Age

2. The Search for Spices • Trade with Asia for spices for hundreds of years • Wanted to find a way to Asia without going through the Mediterranean

3. New Technology • Cartographers – Map Makers • Astrolabe – Instrument used to determine latitude at sea • Caravel – Portuguese ship square and triangle sails

4. Mapping the African Coast • Prince Henry of Portugal • Bartholomeu Dias – Cape of Good Hope

5. On to India • Vasco da Gama • 10 Months to Calicut (Spice Port) • Scurvy – Disease caused by lack of Vitamin C • Many died, survivors made lots of money

6. Columbus • Wanted western route to India • Two Mistakes • Earth was huge • Didn’t know two continents were in the way

7. Columbus • Portugal refused to fund him, Spain wanted to spread Christianity • August 3, 1492 – Nina, Pinta, Santa Maria • October 12 – Thought he reached the Indies • Columbus was convinced he landed in Asia for a few years

8. Line of Demarcation • Pope Alexander VI set line • Spain had rights to the West • Portugal had rights to the East

9. Naming the New World • 1507 Italian Sailor Amerigo Vespucci wrote about “New World” • German cartographer read reports he had written and named it America

10. Around the Globe • Magellan found the Pacific Ocean, continued to Asia • Circumnavigate - Sail around the world • England’s King Henry VII sent John Cabot to find Northwest Passage

11. Diverse Southeast Asia • Geography • Two Regions • Mainland • Southeast Islands – 20,000 • Islands allow for rich trade routes • Monsoons (seasonal winds) caused problems for ships

12. People • Had been there for 5,000 years • Diverse groups, distinct cultures • Women had great power • Matrilineal – Inheritance through the mother

13. India • Indian merchants and Hindu priests spread culture in Asia • Spread Islam religion and Muslim civilization • Still a large influence in the region

14. Portuguese Trading Post • Portuguese built whole trading empire on the seas using outposts • Outpost – Distant areas under foreign control • Didn’t have enough power to keep land control • Other countries bypassed Portuguese ports and conquered

15. Rise of the Dutch • Built ports in Cape Town, Africa and Asia • Started Dutch East India Company • Made them a major power worldwide

16. Spain in the Philippines • Magellan claimed islands for Spain in 1521 • Named islands for King Philip II • Used islands as outposts for shipping from Americas over the Pacific Ocean

17. India and Europe • Silk, cotton, crafts, and ship parts • European wealth grew • Mid-1700s, England and France fought for world power • War affected lands in both Europe and Asia

18. Encounters with East Asia • Trade with China • Ming Dynasty had strict rules on trade • Scholars and missionaries also had influenced • Chinese welcomed Renaissance learning

19. Manchu Conquest • Conquered north China from the Ming’s • Not allowed to follow Chinese traditions • Wanted to gain loyalty of Chinese • Had two rulers, one Chinese, one Manchu • Good economy and huge population • Very restrictive to Europeans

20. Korea • More restrictive than Manchu’s • Invaded by both Japan and Manchu’s • Chose to be isolated for 250 years

21. Japan • Welcomed Westerners • Religious tolerance to Christians • Felt that the Pope was taking too much of their allegiance • Barred Westerners, Japanese couldn’t leave

22. Indians and Conquistadors • Spanish Conquistadors • Herman Cortes invaded Aztecs and conquered • Francisco Pizarro took over Incas

23. Reasons For Victories • Superior military technology • Indians divided and discontent • Disease and weakened Indian People • Believed the Spanish signaled the end of the world

24. Spanish Empire • Had viceroys who ruled in name of King in the New World • Viceroy – Representative • Spreading Catholic religion as important as gaining land • Converted thousands of Natives

25. Economy • Spain controlled trade very carefully • Sugar Cane was introduced • Had to be grown on plantations • Plantation – Large estates run by one owner • Monarchs gave conquistadors encomiendas • Encomiendas –right to demand labor or tribute from Natives • Used this system to force natives to work or die

26. Bringing Workers • Labor shortage cause the Spanish to bring people over • Chose Africans because they were immune from Tropical Diseases • Sugar demand increased, millions of slaves brought over

27. Colonial Society and Culture • Social structure • Peninsulares – People born in Spain, got highest offices • Creoles – American born descendants of Spanish settlers, got plantations/mines • Mestizos – Mix of Natives/European • Mulattoes – Mix of African/European • Bottom rung was African/Native mix people

28. Education • Set up many universities for study • Convents set up to teach girls to be nuns

29. Cultural Blending • Mix of three cultures made a new culture • Spanish, Native American, and African

30. Challenging Spain • Spain was most powerful country in the world • Other countries were very envious • Privateers – type of pirate • European nations challenged Spain’s power

31. Building New France • France sent missionaries to spread Christianity and find land • Missionary – someone sent on religious mission • French explorers claimed east coast from Canada to Gulf • Population didn’t grow fast • King set up forts, missions, trading posts to boost revenues • Revenues – Income from taxes

32. 13 Original Colonies • 1620 Pilgrims land at Plymouth Rock • Signed the Mayflower Compact • Compact – agreement among people • English set up 13 colonies, combination of France and Spain

33. Competing for Power • Spain, France, England, Dutch • Worldwide but especially in the Caribbean • British and French fought on four continents • Signed 1763 Treaty of Paris ending worldwide war

34. Impact on Natives • Settlers brought disease that natives weren’t immune to • War killed many • Did have large impact on culture • Food, holidays, medicine, trade routes

35. The Atlantic Slave Trade • Most European countries had trading posts all over African coast • Slavery = ancient times • In 1500s, Slaves were most important trade item from Africa • 1500 – 1800 became huge, profitable business • Tens of thousands of Africans enslaved and sold

36. Triangular Trade • 1st Leg - Goods to Africa for slaves • 2nd Leg – Slaves sent to West Indies • 3rd Leg – Slaves sold for goods and goods shipped to Europe

37. Middle Passage • 2nd leg of Triangle Trade • Hundreds of people packed below ship decks • Ships became floating coffins • Died from disease and beatings

38. Slave Trade • African Rulers tried to stop the trade • Didn’t have enough power • Impact • At peak 80,000 slaves a year • Close to 11 million over 300 years • Affected culture of New World

39. Global Exchange • New Food – Tomatoes, pumpkins, potatoes, corn • More food allowed for more people • Millions moved to the Americas • Language andcultures mixed worldwide

40. Commercial Revolution • Inflation occurred because demands rose • Capitalism – Investment of money to make a profit • Entrepreneurs – Enterprising merchants taking risks in business • Trade was risky, got rich fast, lost money fast • Guild system fell apart • Too many people doing too many things to keep track of

41. Mercantilism • New economic policy • Nation’s wealth based on gold and silver supply • Colonies filled this need and much more • Nations imposed tariffs to protect local industries from foreign competition • Tariff – taxes on imported goods

42. Ordinary People • Rich got richer, poor became more poor • Few became middle class • Women still had very few rights