New Conflagrations: World War II and the Cold War

1. New Conflagrations: World War II and the Cold War Ch. 36

2. Origins Of World War II

3. Japan’s War in China The Rape of Nanjing Chinese Resistance • Chinese resisted throughout the war • Chinese nationalists and socialists united • Against the Japanese • Coalition was weak, own agendas in place ( • Control of enemy territory & political control) • Guerilla warfare by communists not very • Successful but garnered more Chinese support • (ex. Peasant & land reform) • Japanese invasion of China was not supported • Internationally. • China first to experience WWII horrors. • Japanese invaded China using various • Methods of warfare: aerial bombings, • Japanese feel racially superior • Raped 7000 women • Killed 1000s of unarmed soldiers • Many used as bayonet practice

4. Italian and German Agression Peace for Our Time Germany Italy • Broke the Treaty of Versailles • Resented harsh terms post • WWI • Hitler comes into power in 1933 • Internal enemies: Jews, • Communists, & liberals • Called for remilitarization (denied • By the Treaty) • Withdrew from League of Nations • In 1933 • Reinstated universal military service • Entered demilitarized Rhineland • Anschluss-integrate all Germans into • A single homeland • Gained Sudetenland (part of Czecho- • slovakia) • Munich Conference- • Policy of appeasement • Italy, France, Germany • And GB appease to Hitler • Conceding territory • In exchange he agrees • To not expand any further • Hitler does not keep his • Promise • Hitler attempts to gain • Poland • GB & France intervene • Italy aligns w/Germany • Russian-German Treaty • Of Nonaggression-not to • Attack each other and • Neutrality w/each other • Benito Mussolini made • Promises to gain territory not • Given to them after WWI. • Italy invaded Ethiopia, • League of Nations did nothing • Sided with Axis power

5. The Total War: The World Under Fire

6. Blitzkrieg: Germany Conquers Europe The Fall of France The Battle of Britain • Luftwaffe- the German air force • Used in attempt to defeat Britain. • Used the “Blitz” a series of aerial • Attacks. • British Royal Forces were able to • Stave them off • Hitler no longer attempted to attack • Britain • Blitzkrieg led many nations defeat by the • Nazis • French sign armistice with Germans in • June • Convince’s Mussolini that Germans’ are • Winning the war and wanted to reap the • benefits

7. The German Invasion of the Soviet Union Operation Barbarossa • June 22, 1941 Hitler orders to invade Soviet Union • Hungary, Finland & Romania declare war on S. U. • He breaks the Nonaggression Pact • Stalin is taken by surprise • Germans reach the gates of Moscow • Blitzkrieg attacks are not successful in S.U. (too large) • Soviets, Red Army, strike back Germans thanks to heavy • Industry and help from Allies • Heavy winter also favored the Red Army. • The Germans were unprepared for the weather • Germans attempted to regroup and strike back but • The Soviet Army was able to barely hold them off

8. Battles in Asia and the Pacific Japanese Victories Pearl Harbor • After Pearl Harbor Japanese continue • Their victories (Philippines, Guam, Wake • Island, Midway Island, Hong Kong, Thailand • And British Malaya) • Japanese using the rhetoric “Asia for • Asians” • Occupation and brutal conquest proved • Otherwise • Seeing the German victories led the • Japanese to expand in the area of • Southeast Asia • Japan began to occupy French Indo- • China (Germans controlled France & • The gov’t by this point) • U.S. responds by freezing Japanese • Assets and imposing oil embargos • Japanese sought two choices: adhere • To the implications of the U.S. or go to • War with them • They chose war • Hideki Tojo-prime minister, hoped to • Destroy U.S. naval capacity by attacking • Pearl Harbor and create a Japanese defensive • Perimeter • Hitler and Mussolini declare war on the • U.S. • U.S. then declares war on Italy & Germany

9. Defeat of the Axis Powers Iwo Jima & Okinawa and Japanese Surrender Allied Victory in Europe Turning the tide In the Pacific • Kamikaze- “volunteered” • Suicide mission, just enough • Fuel • Convinced Americans that • Japanese would not capitulate • Napalm bombings • Atomic bomb drop on • Hiroshima and Nagasaki • (August 6 & 9, 1945) • Soviet Union then declares • War on Japan creating a two • Front war • Emperor Hirohito • Unconditionally surrenders • (August 15, 1945) • 1943 the Soviets retake • Russia • 1944 Soviets advance • Into Romania, Hungary, • And Poland and into Berlin • U.S. & Brits attack Germans • In N. Africa & Italy. • Italy leaves Axis powers to • Join the Allies • June 6 1944, U.S. troops land • On the French coast of Normandy • Germans were overwhelmed • U.S. and British air force begin • To attack on Germany. • Came in the area of the • Midway Islands (June 4, 1942) • Cryptographers broke a • Japanese code that was • Planning an attack on Midway • The U.S. countered this • Attempted attack • This changed the war in • Favor to the U.S. • Used an island hopping • Strategy • Getting close to the islands • Of Iwo Jima and Okinawa

10. Life During Wartime

11. Occupation, Collaboration and Resistance Exploitation and Atrocities Collaboration Resistance • Occupation took on • Various forms of resistance. • This included: sabotage, • Guerilla warfare, destruction • Of ammunition dumps, • Destroying of communication • And transportation • Facilities • Non-compliance was • Considered a form of treason • Hated occupation but • Went on with it • Local notables often • Joined the occupied gov’ts • To gain power • Business people and • Companies joined for • Financial reasons • Others turned in their • Friends and neighbors • Used their empires for • Economic gain and exploited • Lands under their control • Regardless of consequence • Use of slave labor • Atrocities include: • Vivisection, germ warfare • Experiments, high altitude and • Hypothermia experiments

12. The Holocaust The Final Solution Jewish Resistance • Best known uprising in the Warsaw • Ghetto in the spring of 1943 • Occupation of Poland and invasion of • Soviet Union gave Hitler the opportunity • To get rid of the Jews • SS Einsatzgruppen- the Nazi killing of • Jews of Roma gypsies, and non Jewish • Slavs • Final Solution- the killing of every Jew • In Europe • Wannsee Conference- coordinate and • Implement the “final solution”. Move all • Jews to Eastern Poland into concentration • Camps • Mass exterminations (gas chambers)

13. Women and War Comfort Women Women’s Roles • Women working in military brothels • In order to “comfort” Japanese soldiers • Often women of occupied lands (Korea, • Taiwan, Manchuria) • Women often were casualties of war, • Killed, got a venereal disease • Survivors experienced deep shame and • At times shunning from families. • Joined military services • Took factory jobs • Heads of household • Roles were often temporary when • Men came home after the war

14. The Cold War

15. Origins of the Cold War The United Nations The Truman Doctrine Marshall Plan • Dedicated to keeping world • Peace and security • Security council for • Maintaining int’l peace • 5 permanent member (U.S., • Soviet Union, GB, France & China) • 6 rotating elected members • Unanimous vote on all • Substantive matters, decisions are • Binding • Question of what would happen • To Poland • Stalin argued for “friendly” gov’t • To safeguard against German • Threat • Marshall Plan aka • The European Recovery • Plan-rebuild European • Economies through • Cooperation and capitalism. • Policy meant to avoid • Communist influence • Soviet Union responds • Council for Mutual • Economic Assistance (COMECON) • Offered increased trade with • Soviet Union and eastern Europe • As an alternative to the Marshall • Plan • New idea of “free” (democratic) • And “enslaved” (communist) • Peoples • Truman Doctrine- a U.S. • Interventionist foreign policy • Dedicated to the “containment” of • Communism • Tried to prevent further influence • Of the Soviet Union

16. Origins of the Cold War Blockade & Airlift Divided Germany The Berlin Wall Military Alliances • Americans and • Brits responded by • Airlifts of food & • Supplies to • W. Germany • 1949 Soviets • Call off the blockade • U.S., Brits & • French unite their • Occupations into the • Federal Republic of • Germany (West • Germany) • Soviets started the • German Democratic • Republic (East Germany) • Which included Berlin • East Germany • Suffering from • Many leaving to • Go to W. Germany • East Germany • Created a fortified • Wall to keep east • Germans from • Leaving • It stopped refugees • From leaving but • Brought shame to • East Germany • North Atlantic • Treaty Organization • (NATO) and Warsaw • Pact-signaled the • Militarization of the • Cold War • Maintain peace in • Postwar Europe • Warsaw Pact was • The countermeasure • To NATO • Soviet Union pressured • Western powers to • Relinquish jurisdiction • Over Berlin • Western powers merged • Their occupation zones • Together • Soviets blockaded all road, • Rail and water links between • Berlin and W. Germany

17. The Globalization of the Cold War The People’s Republic Of China Fraternal Cooperation Confrontation in Korea • Hostilities in Korea • In 1950 • Soviet and U.S. • Divided the area of Korea in two at the • 38th parallel • In the South the Republic • Of Korea • In the North the People’s Democratic • Republic of Korea • 1950 the North attacked the • South, U.S. provides aide and • Pushes the North back • South attempts to gain the North • But Chinese and Korean forces push • Back • War ends in a stalemate to this day • Developed SEATO similar to NATO • China and Soviet Union had • Close ties in the early part of • The Cold War • Had the same enemy: U.S. • Concerned as to how the U.S. • Was aiding former enemy Japan • And other states such as Taiwan • And South Korea • Beijing, China recognized • Soviet’s authority in world • Communism in exchange for • Military equipment & economic • aid • Birth of a Communist • China • Soviet Union gains an • Ally • 1948 Civil war broke • Out in China against • The Nationalist party • Forcing the Nationalist • Party to leave and seek • Refuge in Taiwan • 8/1/1949 The People’s • Republic of China is created

18. The Globalization of the Cold War Cracks in the Soviet- Chinese Alliance The Nuclear Arms Race Cuba: Nuclear Flashpoint • Soviet Union was • China’s principal trading • Partner • Chinese felt the Soviet • Aid was far too modest • And too many strings • Attached • Both competed for • Influence in Africa & Asia • China enhanced prestige • By attempting nuclear tests • Closest time to • Unleashing nuclear • Capabilities was in Cuba • Fidel Castro overthrew, • Complacent to the • U.S. , leader, Fulgencio • Batista y Zaldivar. • Fidel accepts Soviet’s • Offer of massive economic • Aid • And openly supports • The USSR • Central feature of the Cold War • U.S. & Soviets created large • Arsenals of nuclear weapons & • Systems of deploying them • So much nuclear power that it • Led to mutually assured destruction • (MAD)

19. The Globalization of the Cold War Bay of Pigs Invasion • JFK attempts to invade Cuba and overthrow • Castro • He thought he would have more supporters • CIA did not get an uprising they wanted, • And they did not get any aerial support • The invasion was unsuccessful • Latin America lost prestige in the U.S. • Strengthened Castro’s position in Cuba • 10/8/1962 U.S. learns of Soviet’s intent to • Place nuclear missiles in Cuba • JFK gave Soviets an ultimatum to withdraw • Missiles from Cuba or else • Kennedy imposes a naval and air quarantine • In return Soviet Leader, Nikita Khrushchey • Got an open pledge from JFK stating he • Would not attempt to overthrow Castro and • His regime

20. Dissent, Intervention, Rapprochement Detente De-Stalinization SovietIntervention • Tempting communist leaders • Elsewhere to not be so • Independent on Soviet intervention • Eastern European states tried to • Be their own masters • Uprisings to rid communism • Began in Czechoslovakia and • Hungary • Soviets implement the “Brezhnev • Doctrine” • Brezhnev Doctrine-the right to • Invade any socialist country deemed • To be threatened by internal or • External elements “hostile to • Socialism” • Détente-reduction • In hostility, trying to • Cool the arms race & • Slow competition in • Developing countries • Relaxation of Cold • War tensions and • New cooperation • After Joseph Stalin died • And many communists began • To speak out against him • Destalinization period – • 1956-1964- “thaw” in gov’t • And a release in POWs