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The COLD WAR, 1945-1991 Part I, 1945-1964

The COLD WAR, 1945-1991 Part I, 1945-1964. Causes of the Cold War:. Sovietization, 1944-48 Stalin’s security concerns Ideological goals 2. Truman doctrine, 1947-> Containment (announced March 1947) Marshall plan (European Recovery Program): Total: $13.3 billion. THE SOVIET BLOC.

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The COLD WAR, 1945-1991 Part I, 1945-1964

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  1. The COLD WAR, 1945-1991 Part I, 1945-1964

  2. Causes of the Cold War: • Sovietization, 1944-48 • Stalin’s security concerns • Ideological goals 2. Truman doctrine, 1947-> • Containment (announced March 1947) • Marshall plan (European Recovery Program): Total: $13.3 billion

  3. THE SOVIET BLOC

  4. Czechoslovakia • President Edvard Benes • May 18, 1945, returns after seven-year exile • Klement Gottwald, leader of Czechoslovak Communists • Red Army occupied the country • May 26, 1946, the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia received 2,695,293 votes: 38.7 percent of the total • Gottwald became premier • CPC got key ministries, but non-communists had a majority in parliament • But non-communists not really united

  5. Czechoslovakia (cont.) • Stalin insisted that the country refuse the Marshall Plan • February 1948: non-communist ministers resign over communist police forces during election (Gottwald did not) • March 10, 1948: Jan Masaryk (Foreign Minister) found dead at ministry (murder or suicide) • May 30, 1948: Communists win an absolute majority • Gottwald new president • At Stalin’s insistence, Gottwald imposes a Soviet style constitution • Communist Party replaced the government

  6. Berlin Blockade and Airlift, 1948-49

  7. Berlin Blockade and Airlift (cont.) • Western Allies (USA, GB, France) united their occupation zones • June 1948: New German mark introduced • Stalin ordered blockade of roads and rails • US and GB created airlift: • To May 1949: 278,228 flights • 2,326,406 tons of food, coal, other necessities

  8. 1949: Communism spreading • Soviets removed opposition in eastern Europe • Soviets exploded first atomic bomb • Chinese revolution • NATO founded, 1949 to present

  9. The Soviet Blocnot monolithic • Josip Broz a.k.a. TITO (r. 1945-1980) • Yugoslavia • Non-alignment

  10. Korean War, 1950-53 • Two rival governments: • North: Soviet-supported Kim Il-Sung’s communist government • South: US-supported anti-communist, autocrat Syngman Rhee • United Nations resolved to allow a US-led “police action”

  11. Korean War, 1950-53 • 36,574 Americans killed • 175,000 South Korean soldiers killed • 215,000 North Korean soldiers killed • 114,000 Chinese soldiers killed • 315 Soviet soldiers killed • About two million Korean civilians killed or wounded

  12. 1953: Stalin died

  13. Power struggle, 1953 • Presidium, 1952-1966 • “collective leadership” • Lavrentiy Beria, 1899-1953 • Vyacheslav Molotov, 1890-1986 • Georgy Malenkov, 1902-88 • Nikita Khrushchev, 1894-1971 • June 1953: Beria arrested • 1956: Malenkov lost to Khrushchev • “Virgin Lands” proposal

  14. Nikita Khrushchev (r. 1953-64) • Enthusiastic • open-minded • mercurial • 1956: 20th CPSU Congress • Peaceful co-existence • Secret Speech • “The Thaw” or De-Stalinization, 1956-64 • GULAG dismantled • But… Smashed Hungarian revolution of 1956: • 2500 Hungarians killed • 13,000 wounded

  15. Khrushchev’s internal reforms • Agriculture: “Virgin Lands” • Housing crisis: Khrushchovka • 1957: B. Pasternak, Doktor Zhivago • Nov. 1962: A. Solzhenitsyn, One day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich • Persecuted Orthodox Churches, from 15,000 (1951) to 8000 (1963). • Allowed some displaced peoples to return, but not Crimean Tatars.

  16. Nikita Khrushchev (r. 1953-64) • Warsaw Pact formed, 1955 • Sino-Soviet split (1960): • Mao “Galoshes” • Nikita the “Bull” • U-2 incident (May 1960) • Pilot Gary Powers • August 1961: Berlin Wall constructed. • Oct. 1962: Cuban Missile Crisis • June 1963: “hot line” • Aug. 1963: Partial Test Ban Treaty (PTBT)

  17. Berlin Wall, 1961-1989

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