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Matter and Change

Matter and Change. Mrs. Williams Earth Science. Classification of Matter. Some Criteria for the Classification of Matter. Properties State (solid, liquid, gas) Composition. Properties. Properties. Physical : observed without without changing the composition of the substance.

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Matter and Change

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  1. Matter and Change Mrs. Williams Earth Science

  2. Classification of Matter

  3. Some Criteria for the Classification of Matter • Properties • State (solid, liquid, gas) • Composition

  4. Properties

  5. Properties • Physical: observed without without changing the composition of the substance. • Chemical: the ability of a substance to undergo a specific chemical change

  6. Examples of Physical Properties • Color, odor, hardness, density, melting point, boiling point, state, solubility.

  7. Example: Physical Properties

  8. State of Matter

  9. States of Matter • Solid • fixed shape and volume, incompressible • Liquid • fixed volume, takes the shape of its container • Gas • takes the volume and shape of its container

  10. Has Shape Has Volume No definite Shape Definite Volume No Shape No Volume

  11. Solid Liquid Gas http://www.chem.purdue.edu/gchelp/atoms/states.html

  12. Bromine Gas (Vapor) Liquid

  13. Change of Phase Melting solid  liquid Condensation gas  liquid Freezing liquid  solid Evaporation liquid  gas Sublimation solid  gas Boiling: Evaporation occurring beneath the liquid’s surface.

  14. Composition

  15. Classification of Matter(by composition)

  16. (Pure) Substance • Matter that has a uniform and definite composition. • Elements • Compounds

  17. Mixture: a physical blend of two or more substances that are not chemically combined. • Homogeneous • Heterogeneous

  18. Mixture • A physical blend of two or more substances.

  19. Homogeneous mixture (solution) • Uniform composition throughout. • One phase.

  20. Phase of a Mixture • A part of a mixture with uniform properties and composition.

  21. Copper II Sulfate and its solution in water.

  22. Example: Stainless Steel A homogeneous mixture of: -Iron (Fe) -Chromium (Cr) -Nickel (Ni)

  23. Example: Gaseous Mixture • Elements argon and nitrogen and a compound (water vapor).

  24. Heterogeneous Mixtures Example: Oil and vinegar • Non-uniform composition throughout the mixture • Two or more phases.

  25. Note: • Mixtures can be physically separated. • Mixtures exhibit physical properties similar to the components of the mixture.

  26. Separation Methods • Use differences in the physical properties of the components of the mixture.

  27. Example: Separate iron filings from sulfur using a magnet.

  28. Filtration: separates a solid from a liquid in a heterogeneous mixture

  29. Distillation: -separate dissolved solids from a liquid -uses boiling and condensation.

  30. Distillation of Crude Oil (Refining) • Crude Oil is a mixture of Hydrocarbons

  31. Distillation of Crude Oil

  32. Elements and Compounds

  33. Elements • The simplest substances. • Can not be separated into simpler substances. • Building blocks of all matter. • More than 100 known elements. • Represented by chemical symbols.

  34. Chemical Symbols of Elements • System started by Jons Berzelius (Sweden, 1779-1848) • One or two first letters of name of the element. • Many elements names have roots from: Latin, Greek, mythology, geography, names of scientists.

  35. Americium, Am Einsteinium, Es Bromine, Br Helium, He Lead(Plumbum), Pb Niobium, Nb Iron (Ferrum), Fe Mendelevium, Md Examples:

  36. Compound • A substance that contains two or more elements chemically combined. • Compounds have different properties from the individual substances. (Ex: H2O)

  37. Example: H2O

  38. Substance or mixture? • If composition is fixed and may not changesubstance

  39. Chemical Properties and Chemical Changes

  40. H2O composition is fixed- compound Gaseous Phase Liquid Phase

  41. Chemical Properties • The ability of a substance to transform into a new substance (to undergo a chemical change). • Example: Magnesium reacts with oxygen to form magnesiumoxide.

  42. Magnesium Mg

  43. Burning of Magnesium2Mg+ O2 2MgO

  44. Physical Changes • Physical change: a change in the physical properties of a substance. • Composition does not change. • May be reversible or irreversible. • Examples: Reversible: Irreversible:

  45. Chemical Change • A change that produces matter with a different composition than the original matter. • Atoms rearrange themselves into new combinations.

  46. Burning of MethaneCH4 +2O2 CO2 + 2H2O

  47. Burning of MethaneCH4 + 2O2 CO2 + 2H2O

  48. Recognizing a Chemical Change • energy exchange • production of a gas • color change • formation of a precipitate

  49. Formation of a Precipitate Cu(OH)2 Precipitate

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