What were the causes, key events, and effects of the Civil War? 1861-1865

1. The Civil War What were the causes, key events, and effects of the Civil War? 1861-1865

3. Standards • SSUSH 9 The student will identify key events, issues, and individuals relating to the causes, course, and consequences of the Civil War. • a. Explain the Kansas-Nebraska Act, the failure of popular sovereignty, Dred Scott case, and John Brown’s Raid. • b. Describe President Lincoln’s efforts to preserve the Union as seen in his second inaugural address and the Gettysburg speech and in his use of emergency powers, such as his decision to suspend habeas corpus. • c. Describe the roles of Ulysses Grant, Robert E. Lee, “Stonewall” Jackson, William T. Sherman, and Jefferson Davis. • d. Explain the importance of Fort Sumter, Antietam, Vicksburg, Gettysburg, and the Battle for Atlanta and the impact of geography on these battles. • Describe the significance of the Emancipation Proclamation. • f. Explain the importance of the growing economic disparity between the North and the South through an examination of population, functioning railroads, and industrial output.

4. Resources, Strategies, and Early Battles Section 1 • How did each side’s resources and strategies affect the early battles of the war? • Vocabulary: blockade Stonewall Jackson Robert E. Lee George B. McClellan Anaconda Plan Ulysses S. Grant border state Shiloh

5. Resources, Strategies, and Early Battles Union and Confederate Resources Main Idea: As the Civil War began, each side possessed significant strengths and notable weaknesses. At first glance, most advantages appeared to add up in favor of the Union. Confederate and Union Strategies Main Idea: As the two sides prepared for war, Union and Confederate leaders contemplated their goals and how they might go about meeting them. While northerners hoped for a quick victory, southern strategists planned for a prolonged war. Early Battles of the Civil War Main Idea: The Civil War started slowly. The first large battle did not take place until three months after the firing on Fort Sumter. Ultimately, the conflict would span nearly four years and stretch across much of the continent. Key early battles occurred at such places as Bull Run, Shiloh, New Orleans, and Glorietta Pass. Stalemate Develops in the East Main Idea: While Union and Confederate forces squared off in the Mississippi Valley and farther west, major fighting in the East focused on the state of Virginia. The outcomes did not prove decisive for either side.

6. Civil War • War between the Northern (Union) and Southern (Confederate) states • 1861 - 1865

7. Southern Constitution • Recognized states’ rights and slavery • Needed to build loyalty of southerners • Fewer resources than North

8. Causes of the Civil War • Regional differences between the industrial North and the agrarian South • Question of slavery in the territories • Compromise of 1850 and the Kansas-Nebraska Act inflame passions • Abraham Lincoln is elected President • Lower South secedes • Confederacy attacks Fort Sumter

9. Differences • North had urban, large population; new technology; more railroads; telegraph; factories • South had more slaves and cotton

10. Strengths of North • Twice the railroad tracks • Twice as many factories • Balanced economy between farming and industry • More money • North had a government, army and navy • 2/3 of the nation’s population lived in the North

11. Strengths of South • Most officers were Southern (7 of the 8 military colleges were in the South) • Defensive position • Fighting to preserve their way of life and right to self-government

12. Reading Skill: Categorize NOTE TAKING Note Taking: Reading Skill: Categorize

14. Union and Confederate Resources, 1861 CHART Chart: Union and Confederate Resources 1861

15. Fighting the Civil War TRANSPARENCY Transparency: Fighting the Civil War

16. Strategy of North • Naval blockade of southern ports ordered by Lincoln • Would stop South from shipping cotton to Europe and from receiving manufactured goods from Europe • Gain control of the Mississippi River to divide the South – proposed by General Winfield Scott • Anaconda Plan – Northern newspapers name for the plan

17. South’s Strategy • Prepare and wait (wanted to go in peace); defensive war; “All we ask is to be let alone.” President Jefferson Davis • War of attrition – wear down enemy; failed to realize that the North had more resources; the North will wage a war of attrition against the South • Hoped for recognition from France and Britain; Stopped exports of cotton; Europe turned to Egypt and India; South lost money to buy guns and supplies for the army

18. Border States • Delaware • Maryland • Kentucky • Missouri • Lincoln avoids slavery issue

19. Wartime Actions • Four slave states remained in the Union: • Delaware secure (few slaves) • Maryland: arrested disloyal representatives, preventing a vote on secession • Missouri: supported uprising to overthrow pro-Confederate state government • Kentucky: Lincoln put state under martial law

20. Tactics and Technology • Generals trained in European warfare of having masses of troops charge • New rifles and artillery were more accurate and deadly; bullet shaped ammunition and rifling • Artillery could fire shells and canisters Shells: exploded in the air or when they hit something Canister: a shell filled with bullets • Commanders were slow to change tactics

21. Telegraph • Early form of electronic communication • Invented by Samuel F. B. Morse in 1844 • Used a code of short and long pulses of electricity that represented the alphabet • Wires strung along the railroad tracks • North had more wire

24. No Help from Europe • No recognition (official acceptance of government) • Great Britain built privateers for the Confederacy • Europe decided to wait and see who would win

25. The First Battle of Bull Run • July 21, 1861 • General Irvin McDowell - North • General P.G.T. Beauregard- South • Railroad first used to move troops • Gen. Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson refuses to give up • Sightseers, who are watching the battle, are caught up in the stampede as the North flees • Casualties: North 2900; South 2000

26. War in the West • General George McClellen led Northern Army; ordered to build and train the army • General Ulysses Grant led Northern Army in the West to try to seize the Mississippi River

28. Forts Henry and Donelson 1862 • Used gunboats and 15,000 troops • Forts were in Tennessee and protected the Tennessee and Cumberland Rivers and fell to Grant • Nashville fell • Grant moved farther south toward Mississippi River with 42,000 troops to threaten Mississippi and Alabama

30. Battle of ShilohMarch 1862 • General Johnston (South, 40,000 troops) attacked Grant (North) at Shiloh • Grant was reinforced byBuelland defeated Johnston’s army, killing him • 13,000 Northern to 11,000 Southern casualties • Bloody battle proved that the South would not be defeated soon

32. Mississippi RiverApril 1862 • Naval squadron under David Farragut seized New Orleans for the Union and moved north • He captured Baton Rouge, La and Natchez, MS • Took Memphis, TN on June 6, 1862 • Only Vicksburg, MS and Port Hudson, LA remained for the North to capture to split the Confederacy

33. Fighting in the Southwest • Rich in gold mines • Access to the Pacific and California • New Mexico, 1862; Confederate troops defeated at Glorieta Pass • Native Americans split over which side to support

34. War in the East • Monitorand the Merrimack • Merrimack was wooden ship with iron plates bolted on built by the Confederacy • Merrimack damaged three wooden ships • The North had built the Monitor • Ships fought but neither did serious damage to the other • Wooden navies now obsolete

36. George B. McClellan

37. Peninsular CampaignMay 1862 • Confederates destroyed Merrimack to keep it from being captured by the North • McClellan was too cautious although an outstanding organizer and strategist • He moved the Army of the Potomac to a peninsula east of Richmond; he delayed for a month; urged to attack by Lincoln • Heavy casualties in the Battle of Seven Pines; General Joseph Johnston was wounded and Robert E. Lee took his command

38. Robert E. Lee • Trained at West Point, he takes command at the Battle of Seven Pines • Well liked by his troops • Served as President of Washington and Lee University after the war

39. South Attacks • Lee attacks McClellan in the Seven Days’ Battles; McClellan retreats; South loses 20,000 men to the North’s 16,000 • Second Battle of Bull Run: General John Pope put in charge of Northern Army • Jackson attacked from the rear and Lee from the front, defeating Pope • McClellan returns to command

40. Reading Skill: Recognize Sequence NOTE TAKING Note Taking: Reading Skill: Recognize Sequence

41. African Americans and the WarSection 2 • How did the Emancipation Proclamation and the efforts of African American soldiers affect the course of the war? • Vocabulary: Contraband Militia Act Emancipation Proclamation Antietam 54th Massachusetts Regiment

42. African Americans and the War The Push Toward Emancipation Main Idea: Pressures at home and abroad urged Lincoln to address the issue of slavery. Abolitionists and their supporters were impatient with Lincoln’s policies. Thus, Lincoln began working on a plan for the emancipation of enslaved African Americans living in Confederate states. Emancipation at Last Main Idea: On September 22, 1862, Lincoln declared the Emancipation Proclamation, freeing all enslaved people in states still in rebellion after January 1, 1863. It didn't apply to loyal border states or to places already under Union control. African Americans Join the Fight Main Idea: With the Emancipation Proclamation, the Union moved from allowing black troops to actively recruiting them. The Confederacy considered drafting slaves and free blacks, but most southerners opposed the enlistment of African Americans.

43. Contraband • Seized possessions would be kept by the enemy; included slaves • Union generals declared slaves as contraband, refusing to return them to their owners • General John Frémont declared enslaved people under his command in Missouri were free • Used to build fortifications, etc. • 1863, used to fight South

44. Battle of AntietamSeptember 1862 • Lee invaded Maryland, hoping for European support and a pro-Confederate uprising; hoped to get food for his army • McClellan delayed after getting battle plans of Lee; Sept. 17, 1862 • 23,000 dead or wounded; Lee retreated to VA; As Lee withdrew, McClellan did not attack; Lincoln had victory • Bloodiest day of war

46. Casualties at Antietam CHART Chart: Casualties at Antietam

47. Emancipation Proclamation • Jan. 1, 1863, Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation • It freed slaves in areas of rebellion against the government • Did not apply to border states or places where the Union military was in control • “I, Abraham Lincoln, President of the United States, by virtue of the power in me vested as Commander-in-Chief, of the Army and Navy of the United States…as a fit and necessary war measure for suppressing said rebellion…do order and declare that all persons held as slaves within said designated States, and parts of States, are and henceforward shall be free…” • The Emancipation Proclamation, January 1863

48. Effect of Emancipation Proclamation • Had little impact on slavery because it applied only to Confederacy • Inspired southern slaves to escape to the protection of Union troops • Encouraged African Americans to serve in the Union army • The Proclamation and Lee’s defeat at Antietam ended any chance that France and Great Britain would intervene in the war

49. African American Soldiers • By 1865 180,000 African Americans had enlisted • Served in all-black regiments • 1863 54th Massachusetts Infantry, under Colonel Robert Gould Shaw attacked Fort Wagner; half of his men were lost

50. African American Soldiers • 1862, North allowed African American soldiers to fight • Paid less than whites • Endured racial prejudice • 24 African American soldiers received the Medal of Honor