8 th Grade Guided Notes

1. 8th Grade Guided Notes Chapter 19: “Growth in the West”

2. Section 2: “Native Americans Fight to Survive” • Before the Europeans arrived in the 1500s, most Plains tribes survived by _________ and ___________. In the early 1540s, the _____________ brought the first horses to the Great Plains, which changed the way of life of the Plains peoples. • The _____________ was central to the life of Plains tribes. Over time, many Plains tribes developed a ___- ________ way of life tied to buffalo hunting. • When the federal gov’t moved Native Americans to ________________, it promised them that the land would be theirs “as long as grass grows or water runs.” • These treaty promises would be _____________ be- cause they were based on the belief that white

3. settlers were ________________ in the Plains. However, some pioneers saw potential for __________ and ______________ on its grasslands. • Settlers in the Plains area pressured the fed. gov’t for more __________ and ____________ from Native Americans. The gov’t responded by calling the Sioux, Cheyenne, ______________ and others to Ft. Laramie, WY. They signed the ___________________________ selling some of their land and setting new boundaries for tribal lands. • Some ________________ and __________ resisted. When bands of Cheyenne attacked miners and soldiers, the ____________________ led by Col. _____ ______________ opened fire on a peaceful Cheyenne

4. Village along Sand Creek in 1864. More than ____ Cheyenne men, women and children were killed in what became known as the _____________________. • One of the fiercest battles took place in ___________. There the gov’t had begun to build a road called the __________________ across Sioux hunting grounds. To stop the construction, the Sioux attacked ________ _________________. In 1866, Capt. W.J. Fetterman and 80 troopers were ambushed in what became known as the _______________________. • To find a way to end the fighting, the U.S. gov’t signed the ____________________ with the Sioux, Northern Cheyenne, and the Arapaho, which gave the tribes a large reservation in the ________________ of SD.

5. “The Battle of Little Big Horn” • In 1874, ________ was discovered in the Black Hills. Sioux tribal leaders ______________ the offer to buy back the land. Many warriors fled during the winter of 1875-76 and united under the leadership of 2 Sioux chiefs __________________ and _______________. • The _________________was sent out to return the Sioux to the reservation. It was led by Col. _________ _____________. On June 25 his forces met the Sioux and Cheyenne in the ___________________________. In less than 2 hours, _____________________ were wiped out, 211 in all. • The gov’t responded by stepping up military action, so the Battle of Little Bighorn was the last major

6. ____________________ victory. In 1877, __________ ____________ surrendered and Sitting Bull and his followers fled to _____________. In 1881, ________ ______________ starving band surrendered and were returned to their reservation. • As white settlement increased, the U.S. gov’t forced members of the ____________ tribe in eastern OR and ID to sell most of their land and move to ID. A group led by _____________ refused to leave. • In 1877 for 4 months, Chief Joseph and his followers were pursued throughout _____________ for 4 months. When the army caught up with them, they were _________________ and surrendered. Chief Joseph spoke for his people when he said, “I will fight

7. no more, forever. • The ___________ and ___________ also fought against moving to reservations. After their homes and crops were burned, the Navajo were forced on an 300 mile brutal journey known as the “___________ _______________” to a reservation in New Mexico. • In the 1870s, the gov’t forced the Apache to settle on a reservation in eastern _____________, but a group led by _______________ refused. They escaped and survived by raiding settlers’ homes. Geronimo finally ______________ in 1886. • “A Way of Life Ends” • As the Plaines Indians fought to remain free, the ____________ that they depended on dwindled.

8. With their hunting grounds fast disappearing, Plains Native Americans turned to a Piute prophet named __________________. To prepare for a time when whites were gone and Native Americans could freely hunt for buffalo, he urged Native Americans to take part in ____________________. • The Sioux, followers of Wovoka , gathered at _______ ___________________ in South Dakota. Fearing that they were preparing for war, gov’t officials began rounding them up and sent them to a temporary camp along the _________________________ in SD. On Dec. 29, 1890, someone fired a shot and troopers responded by killing about _______ men, women and children. The ________________________ ended

9. The ______________________ ended resistance in the West. • “The Dawes Act Fails” • Some Americans were angry at the way Native Americans were treated. Helen Hunt Jackson wrote __ _________________ about the American gov’t’s failures in their policies toward Native Americans. A Paiute reformer, ________________________ lectured about the injustices of reservation life. • Many reformers felt that ________________, adopting the culture around one, was the only way for Native Americans to survive. • The _________________ of 1887 was intended to ecourage Native Americans to give up their

10. traditional ways and become farmers. The gov’t divided land among Native Americans and sold the leftover land to ______________________. Attempts to __________________Native American children did not make them a part of white society. • The Dawes Act did ___________ to benefit Native Americans. Over time, Native American tribes sold their land for a fraction of its real value to ________ ____________ or _______________.