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Explore the diverse art of pre-Renaissance Italy with a focus on polyptychs, iconography, and notable artists like Andrea di Bonaiuto and Segna di Bonaventura.
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Italy in the 15th Century (1400s) Italy in the 15th century comprised over a dozen independent political units.
Pre-Renaissance Paintings (14th century) Andrea di Bonaiuto, Madonna and Child Enthroned with Saints (polyptych), 1360s Segna di Bonaventura, Madonna and Child Enthroned with Saints and Donor, c. 1310-20
Andrea di Bonaiuto, Madonna and Child Enthroned with Saints (polyptych), 1360s A polyptych is an object—for our purposes, usually an altarpiece—that has three or more sections. The word is formed by combining the prefix poly (from the Greek polys = “many” or “several”) with ptychos (= “fold” or “layer”).
Andrea di Bonaiuto, Madonna and Child Enthroned with Saints (polyptych), 1360s Iconography: The study of images from the point of view of subject matter (rather than style), content (rather than form), what they represent, and how they are represented.
Andrea di Bonaiuto, Madonna and Child Enthroned with Saints Located in Santa Maria del Carmine, the church of the Carmelite Order in Florence, the altarpiece includes John the Baptist, the Florentine patron saint, and the Prophet Elijah, legendary founder of the Order, dressed in the white and black Carmelite habit.
Pre-Renaissance (14th century) Early Renaissance (15th century) Piero della Francesca, Madonna and Child with Saints and Donor (Montefeltro Altarpiece), 1470s Segna di Bonaventura, c. 1310-20
Portrait of the donor: Federico da Montefeltro, Duke of Urbino Piero della Francesca, Madonna and Child with Saints and Donor (Montefeltro Altarpiece), 1470s
High Renaissance (16th century) Early Renaissance (15th century) Piero della Francesca, Montefeltro Altarpiece, 1470s Titian, Pesaro Altarpiece, 1519-26
High Renaissance (16th century) Members of the Pesaro family Titian, Pesaro Altarpiece, 1519-26
High Renaissance (16th century) Mannerism (16th century) Parmigianino, Madonna of the Long Neck, 1534-40 Titian, Pesaro Altarpiece, 1519-26
Detail Parmigianino, Madonna of the Long Neck, 1534-40
Detail Parmigianino, Madonna of the Long Neck, 1534-40
Parmigianino, Madonna of the Long Neck, 1534-40 Detail: angel with urn
Sleeping Christ child Michelangelo, Pietà, 1496-98 Note: References to the dead, adult Christ are said to be “proleptic”—that is, they anticipate something that will occur in the future.