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Winning the Hunger Games

Hunger Games: Enemies, Arenas and Fighting to the Death!! Whitney Yeary , Amy Fulcher and Bill Klingeman University of Tennessee. Winning the Hunger Games. Arena!. Image credit: http:// www.landscape -design- advisor.com /design-styles/ english -country/cottage-garden. Introduction.

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Winning the Hunger Games

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  1. Hunger Games: Enemies, Arenas and Fighting to the Death!!Whitney Yeary, Amy Fulcher and Bill Klingeman University of Tennessee

  2. Winning the Hunger Games

  3. Arena! Image credit: http://www.landscape-design-advisor.com/design-styles/english-country/cottage-garden

  4. Introduction • Insect pests cause economically significant damage to nursery crops • In NC, the green industry reported annual losses of $91,000,000 due to insects and diseases NCDA. 2005. North Carolina green industry economic impact survey. Photo credit Bambara and Baker - via Bugwood

  5. Introduction x • Insecticides can be useful in managing pest problems. • Insecticides can: • Harm natural enemies • Exacerbate secondary pest populations Cloyd, R. 2009. Pesticide use in ornamental plants: what are the benefits? Pest Management Science. 65:345-350

  6. 50% more natural enemies and 50% fewer spider mites with spray wand than airblast sprayer Introduction Data & Image Credit: Frank, S. and C. Sadof. J. Econ. Entomol. 104(6): 1960‹1968 (2011); DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/EC11124

  7. Introduction • Imidacloprid caused outbreaks of an obscure spider mite on elm trees in NYC Szczepaniec, A., S. F. Creary, K. L. Laskowski, J. P. Nyrop, and M. J. Raupp. 2011. Neonicotinoid insecticide imidacloprid causes outbreaks of spider mites on elm trees in urban landscapes. PLoSONE 6(5): e20018. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0020018.

  8. Introduction • Lab expts, predators of T. schoeneiwere poisoned through ingestion of prey exposed to imidacloprid Szczepaniec, A., S. F. Creary, K. L. Laskowski, J. P. Nyrop, and M. J. Raupp. 2011. Neonicotinoid insecticide imidacloprid causes outbreaks of spider mites on elm trees in urban landscapes. PLoSONE 6(5): e20018. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0020018.

  9. Introduction • Imidacloprid’s tendency to elevate reproduction of T. schoeneialso contributed to their elevated densities on treated elms Szczepaniec, A., S. F. Creary, K. L. Laskowski, J. P. Nyrop, and M. J. Raupp. 2011. Neonicotinoid insecticide imidacloprid causes outbreaks of spider mites on elm trees in urban landscapes. PLoSONE 6(5): e20018. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0020018.

  10. Introduction • 3 cover sprays/year for 4+ years had greater scale species diversity and more likely to be scale infested than shorter treatment Raupp et al.: Effects of Cover Sprays and Residual Pesticides. Journal of Arboriculture 27(4): July 2001

  11. Introduction • Insecticides can negatively affect natural enemies • Growers tell us scale pests are a relevant problem in the nursery trade • More than previously?? Adkins, C., G. Armel, M. Chappell, J.C. Chong, S. Frank, A. Fulcher, F. Hale, K. Ivors, W. Klingeman III, A. LeBude, J. Neal, A. Senesac, S. White, A. Windham. 2010. Pest Management Strategic Plan for Container and Field-Produced Nursery Crops in GA, KY, NC, SC, TN. A. Fulcher, ed. Southern Region IPM Center.

  12. Objectives • Investigate the effects of systemic &contact insecticides on natural enemies to direct contact with insecticide residue • a worst-case exposure scenario • Determine if systemic insecticides offer a more sustainable insecticide choice

  13. Materials and Methods • Marathon II, Safari, Sevin, Talstar, water • Sprayed on tuliptree • Conducted two experiments: • Lab • Field

  14. Lab Materials and Methods • 3 leaves from each tree • 10 insects /arena, CHO supply • Minute Pirate Bug, Lady beetle, and Lacewing

  15. Lab Materials and Methods • 8 replicate arena/trt • Assessed survival every 24 h for4 d • Removed dead daily

  16. Field Materials and Methods • Attached three arenas to each tree (one species per arena) • Lady beetle, Minute Pirate Bug, Aphidius

  17. Field Materials and Methods • Installed pitfall trap at base of each tree • Every 48 h • Assessed survival • Replaced 10 new insects

  18. Lacewing, Minute Pirate Bug, Lady Beetle Lacewing Minute Pirate Bug Lady beetle

  19. Experiment Schedule 29 Survival % Survival % Survival % 1 Survival % 2 6

  20. Results Lab

  21. Lacewing Survival 48 h after Applications

  22. Lady Beetle Survival 48 h after Applications

  23. Minute Pirate Bug Survival 48 h after Applications

  24. Lacewing Survival 96 h after Applications

  25. Lady Beetle Survival 96 h after Applications

  26. Minute Pirate Bug Survival 96 h after Applications

  27. Conclusions • Limited study • Worst case scenario • Insecticide effect on beneficial insect varies with insect species, pesticide, and times after application • Sevinand Talstarappear to be most toxic • Minute Pirate Bug most affected • Safari appears to have the least negative effect    

  28. Implications on Pest Mgt • Augmentative Biological Control • Where to release • Plant density influence natural enemy survival

  29. Implications on Pest Mgt 19 11 35 75

  30. Hydrangea Spray Penetration • Dense canopy • Droplet density was reduced from 56 deposits/cm2 on the exterior position to 2 deposits/cm2 on the middle and interior positions • 96% loss

  31. Hydrangea Spray Penetration • Sparse canopy • Received 463% more coverage in the middle of the canopy than the dense plants • Regardless of density, the interior received less than 1% coverage!

  32. Beneficial Insect Survival • Only the interior and middle positions of dense plants protected greater than 50% of the lady beetles • Only the interior position of dense plants protected greater than 50% of lacewings over the course of the experiment   • If not lethal to natural enemies perhaps not lethal to pest insects!

  33. Intelligent Spray Systems Laser sensor • Automatic controllers • Computer program • Signal generation and amplification unit • Pulse width modulated solenoid valves • Algorithm Ultrasonic sensor

  34. Hydraulic Boom Sprayer

  35. Test Drive • Compared to the constant application rate of 50 gpa • the intelligent sprayer reduced the application rate by • 70% in April • 66% in May • 52% in June

  36. Powdery Mildew Control • Powdery mildew rating • Not different conventional versus intelligent sprayers. • Not different based on interior or outer row

  37. Thank you! • Funded by • Center for Applied Nursery Research • Tennessee Institute of Agriculture • Phil Flanagan, S. Evan Wilson, Casey Sullivan, Ann Reed, Xiaocun Sun

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