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Introduction to Course and Nervous System

Introduction to Course and Nervous System. NEU257 Mammalian Neuroanatomy 1/6/11. Introductions Structure of the course Course website Class structure Textbook Examinations Goals of course Two faces of neuroanatomy Anatomy as organizational framework

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Introduction to Course and Nervous System

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  1. Introduction to Course and Nervous System NEU257 Mammalian Neuroanatomy 1/6/11

  2. Introductions • Structure of the course • Course website • Class structure • Textbook • Examinations • Goals of course • Two faces of neuroanatomy • Anatomy as organizational framework • Anatomy as experimental discipline

  3. Class structure • No required text, but required reading! • Read relevant chapters before you come to class • Combination of lecture and laboratory • More you read, more laboratory you get! • Class will be here unless otherwise noted • Lectures will be available as Powerpoint before class • Lecturers: Please copy your presentation to Flash drive

  4. Examinations • Practical • Teaching aid • Based on slides (Powerpoint) of brain regions • No black boxes • Material from lecture, laboratory and textbook fair game • Midterm and Final

  5. Useful web sites • Listed on your syllabus • Digital anatomist • Brainmaps.org • Neuroscience Information Framework • Neurolex • Brain Info

  6. Gross anatomy of the nervous system

  7. Adult mammalian neuroanatomy

  8. Organization of the Nervous System • CNS (neural plate) • Brain • Spinal cord • PNS (neural crest) • Somatic • Autonomic • Sympathetic • Parasympathetic • Enteric • Gut motility and secretion “gross anatomical convenience”-Swanson

  9. Directions Medial Lateral Lateral Proximal Distal Distal Relative to midline Ipsilateral Contralateral

  10. Planes of Section http://aids.hallym.ac.kr/d/kns/tutor/r1-7-3.jpg Cardinal planes vs oblique planes

  11. Quadruped vs Biped “For almost all vertebrates, including almost all bipeds, these axes all provide a consistent reference for anatomical positions across species—with the inferior/superior axis being roughly the same as the dorsal/ventral axis, and therefore redundant. Humans, however, have the rare property of having a torso oriented perpendicular to their direction of forward motion—while their head orientation remains consistent with other vertebrates on this axis. This makes the dorsal/ventral axis on humans redundant with the anterior/posterior axis, and the inferior/superior axis necessary. Because of this difference with humans, the anterior/posterior and inferior/superior axes are inconsistent between humans and other vertebrates in torso anatomy but consistent in head anatomy. “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatomical_terms_of_location http://www.lrn.org/Graphics/Figure1.4.gif Transverse-Horizontal Frontal-coronal Dorsal-ventral/anterior posterior/superior-inferior http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1d/Planes_of_Section.JPG

  12. Development of the Nervous System

  13. Divisions of the Brain Embryonic vesicles form the fundamental regional brain divisions in the adult

  14. Alar vs Basal Plates

  15. Sylvian Fissure Gyri and sulci

  16. Dividing up the brain • Terms: • White matter vs gray matter • Cortex vs Subcortical nuclei • Nuclei vs Ganglia • Columns: elongated nuclei • Laminar (layered) structure

  17. Nissl vs Myelin Stain

  18. Corpus Callosum Callosum (L): hard, tough Commissure vs decussation

  19. More white matter terms • White matter: • Tract: common origin and destination • Fasciculus, funiculus, peduncle or brachium: distinct collection of nerve fibers (may contain many tracts) • Lemiscus: Ascending fibers in the brainstem

  20. Brain is divided into “regional parts” based on: Gross appearance: e.g., gray matter vs white matter Landmarks, e.g., sulci Histology Cytoarchitecture Chemoarchitecture Projection patterns Functional considerations

  21. General Functions Associated with each Lobe Somatosensory Motor P F O T Vision Audition Structure-function relationships

  22. Sulci form useful landmarks to delineate different functional areas

  23. Cerebral Blood Supply

  24. The Ventricles

  25. Cerebral ventricles • Lateral ventricles • Interventricular foramen • Third ventricle • Cerebral aqueduct • Fourth ventricle

  26. Ventricular system in mid-sagittal section

  27. Useful guides for identification

  28. Meninges Pachymeninges=dura mater Leptomeninges = Arachnoid + pia mater

  29. Sinuses

  30. Cerebrospinal Fluid

  31. CSF • 125 ml in adult human • 500 ml/24 hr period • Produced by choroid plexus, principally in the lateral ventricles • Forms “water cushion” for brain • Bathes neural tissue, extending into perivascular spaces

  32. Flow of CSF

  33. Hydrocephalus

  34. Other Useful Websites • http://faculty.washington.edu/chudler/neuroroot.html • Greek and Latin roots of neuroscience (especially neuroanatomy) words

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