Ch. 8 Diverse Societies in Africa

1. Ch. 8 Diverse Societies in Africa

2. Ch. 8 section 1 Objectives: • 1. Identify the different geographic regions of Africa • 2. Explain how early Africans adapted to their environments • 3. Summarize the achievements of early West

3. Early Humans Adapt to Their Environments • Nomadic Lifestyle • •Earliest people are nomadic hunter-gatherers • • Herders drive animals to find water, graze pasturesTransition to a Settled Lifestyle • •Agriculture probably develops by 6000 B.C. • •As the Sahara dried up, farmers move to West Africa or Nile Valley • • Agriculture allows permanent settlement, governments to develop, with a village chief or council

4. Early Societies in Africa • Societies Organized by Family Groups • •Extended families made up of several generations • • Families with common ancestors form groups known as clans • Local Religions • • Early religions usually include elements ofanimism—belief in spirits • Keeping a History • •Few African societies have written languages • •History, literature, culture passed on by storytellers called griots • • Cultures in West Africa are advanced long before outsiders arrive

5. West African Iron Age • Learning About the Past • •Artifacts reveal how people lived in the past • • Evidence of sub-Saharan cultures producing iron around 500 B.C. The Nok Culture • Nok—West Africa’s earliest known culture—made smelted iron tools, weapons, and excelled • Djenné-Djeno • •From 600–200 B.C., cities begin to develop near rivers, oases • •Djenné-Djeno—Africa’s oldest known city (250B.C.), discovered in 1977 • • Bustling trade center; linked West African towns, camel trade routes

6. Achievements of Djenne-Djenno-1400 C.E. • *50,000 residents • *Built Mud Brick homes -Fished, cultivated rice, herded cattle -Traded goods for copper, gold and salt

7. Section 2-The Kingdom of Aksum • Objectives: • 1. Explain how maritime trade led to Aksum’s growth • 2. Give examples of Aksum’s achievements • 3. Explain the effects of the Muslim invasion of Aksum

8. The Rise… • Aksum’s Geography • •Aksum—kingdom replaces Kush in East Africa;blend of Africans, Arabs • • Located on Horn of Africa, modern day Ethiopia andEritrea • • Trading kingdom linking Africa and Indian Oceantrade routes • The Origins of Aksum • • Land first mentioned in Greek guidebook in A.D. 100 • • Rulers take control of areas around Blue Nile andRed Sea • • Dynasty of Aksum rules until 1975; ends with deathofHaileSelassie

9. The Rise…cont. • Aksum Controls International Trade • • Aksum is hub for caravan routes to Egypt andMeroë • • Adulis, chief port, has access to Mediterranean Sea, Indian Ocean • A Strong Ruler Expands the Kingdom • • King Ezana—strong ruler of Aksum from A.D. 325 to360 • • He conquers part of Arabian peninsula, now Yemen • • In 350 conquers Kushites and burns Meroëtoground

10. International Culture… • Aksum Culture • •Blended cultural traditions of Arab peoples andKushites • •Adulispopulation: Egyptian, Arabian, Greek,Roman, Persian, Indian • •Greek is international language • Written language: Ge’ez • AksumiteReligion • • Believe in one god, Mahrem, and that kingdescended from him • • Are animists—worship spirits of nature andancestors • • Exposed to Christianity by traders

11. International Culture… • Aksum Becomes Christian • Young King Ezana educated by Christian man from Syria • As ruler, Ezana declares Christianity askingdom’s official religion • Aksum, now part of Ethiopia, still home to millions of Christians • Aksumite Innovations • Written language, minted coins, irrigation canals anddams • Aksumitesinvent terrace farming due to hillylocation • Terraces—steplike ridges constructed on mountainslopes

13. The Fall… • Islam • Aksum kingdom lasts 800 years; witnesses rise ofIslam religion • Followers of prophet Muhammad conquer all ofArabia by 632Islamic Invaders • Between A.D. 632 and 710, Islamic invaders leave Aksum alone • In A.D. 710, they attack port city of Adulis, causingAksum’s declineAksum Isolated • As Islam spreads, Aksum rulers move capital tonorthern Ethiopia • Isolation, soil erosion, deforestation cause loss ofremaining power

14. Section 3 • Objectives: • 1.Summarize the causes and effects of Human Migration • 2.Describe the Bantu migrations into the southern half of Africa

15. Migration of Bantu-speaking Peoples • Causes of Migration • Push-pull factors—Conditions that push people out of an area or pull them in • Effects of Migration • Brings diverse cultures into contact; changes life inthe new land • Tracing Migration Through Language • One way to trace migration is to study howlanguages spread • Africa has many complex language families

16. Bantu-speaking Peoples • Bantu-speaking peoples—early Africans whospread culture and language • Originally lived in savanna south of Sahara; nowsoutheastern Nigeria • The word Bantu means “the people” • Migration Begins • Bantu speakers migrate south and east startingabout 3000 B.C. • Live by slash-and-burn farming, nomadic herding • Share skills, learn new customs, adapt toenvironment

18. Causes of Migration • Bantu speakers move to find farmland, fleegrowing Sahara • Need iron ore resources and hardwood forests for iron smelting • Within 1,500 years they reach southern tip ofAfrica • Effects of the Migration • Bantu speakers drive out some inhabitants; intermixwith others • Bantu migrations produce a great variety of cultures • Language helps unify the continent