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Chapter 2: Health Care Administration in Athletic Training. System of Healthcare Management. Strategic Plan Development Determine why there is need for such a program Determine function of program within scope of athletic program
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System of Healthcare Management • Strategic Plan Development • Determine why there is need for such a program • Determine function of program within scope of athletic program • Decision of administrators will determine extent of health care program • Develop written mission statement to focus direction of program
Strategic Plan Development (cont.) • Strategic plan development must include administrators, student-athletes, coaches, physicians, athletic trainers, parents and community health leaders • Ongoing process that reviews strengths and weaknesses of program
Policy and Procedure Development • Creation of policies and procedures for all involved in health care of athletes necessary • Policies = clear written out statements of basic rules • Procedures = describe the process • To be covered throughout presentation • Abbreviated version of policies and procedures should be provided to athletes and parents (if financially feasible)
Athletic Training Program Operations • Scope of Program • Who will be served by program? • Athlete: to what extent and what services will be rendered (systemic illness, musculoskeletal injuries) • Institution: who else can be served medically and educationally and what are the legalities • Community: outside group and community organizations with legalities again being an issue
Clinical, Corporate/Industrial Settings: patient care outside high school and collegiate athletes, with a broader scope of practice that could include: • Pediatric work • Work hardening • Orthopedic and neurological patients • Athletic trainers should be sure to work within their scope (physically active) • Fitness programming may also become an ATC’s responsibility in this setting
Providing Coverage • Facility Personnel Coverage • Appropriate coverage of facility and sports • Setup of treatments, rehabilitation, game and practice coverage vary • Sports Coverage • Certified athletic trainer or at least a student should attend all practices and games • Different institutions have different levels of coverage based on personnel and risks involved with sports
Hygiene and Sanitation • Athletic Training Facility • Rules concerning room cleanliness and sanitation must be set and made known to population using facility • Examples • No equipment/cleats in training room • Shoes off treatment tables • Shower prior to treatment • No roughhousing or profanity • No food or smokeless tobacco
Cleaning responsibilities are divided between athletic training staff and maintenance personnel • Division of responsibilities • Maintenance crew • Sweep floors daily, clean and disinfect sinks and tubs, mop hydrotherapy room, empty waste baskets • Athletic Training staff • Clean treatment tables, disinfect hydrotherapy modalities daily, clean equipment regularly
Gymnasium (general issues concerning facility and equipment cleanliness) • Facility • Cleaning of gymnasium floors • Drinking fountain and shower/locker facility disinfecting • Mats cleaned daily (wrestling) • Equipment and clothing • Proper fitting equipment • Frequent clothing and equipment laundering • Appropriate equipment for weather conditions • Use of clean dry towels and equipment daily
Athlete • Promotion of good health and hygiene is critical • Athlete clearance to participate • Athlete insurance • Prompt injury and illness reporting • Follow good living habits • Avoid sharing clothes and towels • Exhibit good hygiene practices • Avoid common drinking sources
Emergency Telephones • Accessibility to phones in all major areas of activity is a must • Should be able to contact outside emergency help and be able to call for additional athletic training assistance • Radios, cell and digital phones provide a great deal of flexibility
Budgetary Concerns • Size of budget?? • Different settings = different size budgets and space allocations • Equipment needs and supplies vary depending on the setting (college vs. high school) • Continuous planning and prioritizing is necessary to effectively manage monetary allocations to meet programmatic goals
Supplies • Expendable (supplies that cannot be reused- first aid and injury prevention supplies) • Non-expendable (re-useable supplies -ace wraps, scissors…etc) • Yearly inventory and records must be maintained in both areas
Equipment • Items that can be used for a number of years • Capital (remain in the training room- ice machine, tables) • Non-consumable capital (crutches, coolers, training kits)
Purchasing Systems • Direct buy vs. competitive bidding • Lease alternative • Additional Budget Considerations • Telephone and postage expenses • Utilities – heating/cooling, electricity • Contracts for outside services • Purchases relative to liability insurance and professional development
Developing a Risk Management Plan • Security Issues • Accessibility to training room (staff, physicians, student athletic trainers) • Supervision issues • Fire Safety • Post evacuation plan in case of fire • Smoke detectors/alarm system and fire extinguisher should be tested and in place
Electrical and Equipment Safety • Major concern • Be aware of power distribution system to avoid accidents • Emergency Action Plan • Accessing emergency personnel outside setting in the event of emergency • Include transportation of athletes to emergency facilities • Meeting with outside personnel is necessary to determine roles and rules regarding athlete and equipment care
Accessing Community Based Health Services • Must have knowledge of local and community health services and agencies in the event of referrals • Referrals should be made with assistance from a physician • Parental involvement is necessary when dealing with psychological and sociological events
Human Resources and Personnel Issues • The sports medicine team is only as good as the individuals in the group • Recruitment, hiring and retaining qualified personnel is necessary to be effective • Specific policies are established relative to hiring, firing, performance evaluations and promotions • Must adhere to these principles
Roles and responsibilities must be established • Job descriptions - job specifications, accountability, code of conduct, and scope • Head athletic trainer must serve as a supervisor and work to enhance professional development of staff • Performance evaluations should take place routinely
Facility Design • Design will vary drastically based on number of athletes, teams, and various needs of the program • Size • Varies between settings • Must take advantage and manage space effectively • Interact with architect relative to needs of program and athletes
Location • Outside entrance (limits doors that must be accessed when transporting injured athletes) • Double door entrances and ramps are ideal • Proximity to locker rooms and toilet facilities • Light, heat and water source should be independent from rest of facility
Illumination • Well lighted throughout • Reflective ceilings and walls will aid in process • Natural lighting is a plus
Special Service Areas • Treatment Area: area that accommodates 4-6 adjustable treatment tables, 3-4 stools, and hydrocollator and ice machine accessibility • Electrotherapy Area: area that houses ultrasound, diathermy, electrical stim units, storage units, grounded outlets, treatment tables and wooden chairs, under constant supervision
Hydrotherapy Area: area with centrally located sloping floor to drain, equipped with 2-3 whirlpools, shelving and storage space and outlets 5 feet above the floor • Exercise Rehabilitation Area: area that provides adequate space and equipment to perform reconditioning of injuries • Taping, Bandaging & Orthotics Area: 3-4 taping tables and storage cabinets to treat athletes with proximity to a sink
Physician’s Exam Room: space for physician to work which may hold exam table, lockable storage, sink, telephone, refrigerator • Records Area: space devoted to record keeping which may include filing system or computer based database, that allows access only to medical personnel
Storage Facilities • Training rooms often lack ample storage space • Storage in training room that holds general supplies and special equipment • Large walk-in storage cabinet for bulk supplies • Refrigerator for equipment, ice cups, medicine and additional supplies
Athletic Trainer’s Office • Space at least 10x12 feet is ample • All areas of training room should be supervised without leaving office space (glass partitions) • Equipment should include, desk, chair, tack board, telephone, computer (if necessary) and independent locking system
Additional Areas • Pharmacy Area: separate room that can be secured for storing and administrating medications (records must be maintained concerning administration) • Rehabilitation Pool: if space permits, must be accessible to individuals with various injuries, with graduated depth and non-slip surface • X-Ray Room: separate room with lead shielding in walls, large enough to house necessary equipment
Record Keeping • Major responsibility • The rule not the exception - accurate and up-to-date • Medical records, injury reports, insurance information, injury evaluations, progress notes, equipment inventories, annual reports
Maintaining Confidentiality in Record Keeping • Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) • Regulates dissemination of personal history information (PHI) by coaches, ATC’s, physicians or other members of sports medicine team • Guarantees athlete access to information and control over disclosure • Athlete may provide written authorization for release of information
HIPAA Authorization • Description of information to be disclosed • Identification of parties authorized to provide and make use of PHI • Description of each purpose of the use or disclosure • Expiration date or event • Individual’s signature • Description of his/her authority to act for the individual if signed by personal representative
Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act • FERPA = law protecting privacy of student education records • Provides parents with certain rights with respect to child’s educational records • When child turns 18 rights are transferred to student • School must have written permission prior to releasing information
Administering Pre-participation Examinations • Initial pre-participation exam prior to start of practice is critical • Purpose it to identify athlete that may be at risk • Should include • Medical history, physical exam, orthopedic screening, wellness screening • Establishes a baseline • Satisfies insurance and liability issue
Examination by Personal Physician • Yields an in-depth history and ideal physician-patient relationship • May not result in detection of factors that predispose the athlete to injury • Station Examination • Provides athlete with detailed exam in little time • Team of nine is ideal (2 physicians, 2 non-physicians and 5 managers/student athletic trainers)
Medical History • Complete prior to exam to identify past and existing medical conditions • Update yearly and closely review by medical personnel • Collect medical release and insurance info at the same time • Physical Examination • Should include assessment of height, weight, body composition, blood pressure, pulse, vision, skin, dental, ear, nose, throat, heart, lungs, abdomen, lymphatic, genitalia, maturation index, urinalysis and blood work
Maturity Assessment • Means to protect young physically active athletes • Methods • Circumpubertal (sexual maturity) • Skeletal • Dental • Tanner’s five stage assessment is most expedient • Orthopedic Screening • Part of physical exam or separate • Various degrees of detail concerning exam
Wellness Screening • Purpose is to determine if athlete is engaged in a healthy lifestyle • Sport Disqualification • Certain injuries and illnesses warrant special concern when dealing with sports • Recommendations can be made • American with Disabilities Act (1990) • Dictates that athlete makes the final decision • Potential disqualifying factors should be determined during the pre-participation exam
Injury Reports and Injury Disposition • Injury reports serve as future references • Reports can shed light on events that may be hazy following an incident • Necessary in case of litigation • All reports should be filed in the athletic training room
Treatment Log • Sign-in to keep track of services • Daily treatments can be recorded • Can be used as legal documentation in instances of litigation Personal Information Card • Contains contact information for family, personal physician, and insurance information
Injury Evaluation and Progress Notes • Injuries and progress should be monitored by athletic trainer and recorded • SOAP note format • S: Subjective (history of injury/illness) • O: Objective (information gathered during evaluation) • A: Assessment (opinion of injury based on information gained during evaluation) • P: Plan (short and long term goals of rehab)
Supplies and Equipment Inventory • Managing budget and equipment/supplies is critically important • Inventory must be taken yearly in order to effectively replenish supplies
Annual Report • Summary of athletic training room functions • Can be used to evaluate recommend potential changes for program • Includes number and types of injuries seen/treated
Release of Medical Records • Written consent is required • Waiver must be signed for any release (include specifics of information to be released and to whom)
Computer as Tool for Athletic Trainer • Indispensable tool • Can make the job more efficient with appropriate software • Must maintain security • Must determine for what computer will be used
Should consult experts in order to determine what systems are appropriate for specific use • Factors to consider • Access to mainframe and internet • Hardware (desktop, laptop, personal digital assistants) • Software – various programs for multiple uses • Record keeping needs • Word processing, budget maintenance • Educational software • World Wide Web and access to email
Collecting Injury Data • Accident - unplanned event resulting in loss of time, property damage, injury or death • Injury- damage to the body restricting activity • Case study- looks at specific incident of injury