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Persia, Athens, and Sparta

Persia, Athens, and Sparta. Persia. A. Cyrus the Great founded the Persian empire B. Darius divides the empire into provinces that are parallel to the homelands of the different people within the empire – These people live by their own laws within the Persian empire

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Persia, Athens, and Sparta

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  1. Persia,Athens,andSparta

  2. Persia A. Cyrus the Great founded the Persian empire B. Darius divides the empire into provinces that are parallel to the homelands of the different people within the empire – These people live by their own laws within the Persian empire C. People lived by their own laws within the Persian empire

  3. D. Royal Road connects the empire for over 1500 miles; allowed for a complex system of trade which led to cultural diffusion E. Use of standardized metal coins promote trade and unify the empire

  4. F. Zoroaster establishes a religion in which people’s own choices determine their fate G. Zoroastrianism – Monotheistic worship of Ahura Mazda and sacred writings known as the Avesta; establishes early beliefs in heaven, hell, and a final judgment

  5. Athens • In 594 B.C.E., Athenian named SOLON as tyrant. Solon instituted MODERATE REFORMS: • Provided a new start for the lower classes by CANCELING DEBTS. • Sought FULL EMPLOYMENT by stimulating trade and industry and requiring fathers to teach their sons a trade • Granted common people POLITICAL RIGHTS but not equality.

  6. Solon's were unpopular. • PISISTRATUS, a military hero, took over as tyrant. • Solved the economic problem by BANISHING MANY NOBLES, whose lands he distributed among the poor, and by promoting commerce and industry. • Supported PUBLIC WORKS and the PATRONAGE OF THE ARTS -- starting Athens on the path to cultural leadership in Greece.

  7. CLEISTHENES temporarily seized power in 508 B.C. and put through constitutional reforms that destroyed the remaining power of the nobility. • Created TEN NEW TRIBES, embracing citizens of all classes and districts. • Gave the popular ASSEMBLY the RIGHT TO INITIATE LEGISLATION. • Gave the new and democratic COUNCIL OF FIVE HUNDRED, SELECTED BY LOT from the ten tribes the power to advise the assembly & supervise the administrative actions of the archons. • Started the institution of OSTRACISM (an annual referendum) in which a quorum of 6,000 citizens could vote to exile for ten years any individual thought to be a threat to Athenian democracy.

  8. During the GOLDEN AGE of Greece (461-429 B.C.), the great statesman PERICLES guided Athens. • Power resided in a board of TEN ELECTED GENERALS. • To insure that the POOR COULD PARTICIPATE IN GOVERNMENT, Athens paid jurors (a panel of 6,000 citizens chosen annually by lot) and members of the Council. • Although DEMOCRACY was an outstanding achievement, the majority of the inhabitants of Athens were not recognized citizens. • WOMEN, SLAVES, and RESIDENT ALIENSwere DENIED CITIZENSHIP. • These groups had no standing in the law courts. (If a woman sought the protection of the law, she had to ask a citizen to plead for her in court.)

  9. Sparta • The city-state of Sparta expanded by conquering and enslaving its neighbors. To guard against revolts by the state slaves (helots), who worked the land, Sparta transformed itself into a militaristic TOTALITARIAN STATE. • For the small minority of ruling Spartans, it was a democracy. • For the masses, it was an oligarchy (rule by the few).

  10. The state enforced ABSOLUTE SUBORDINATION of the individual to its will. • Every Spartan was first of all a solider. • Sickly infants were left to die on lonely mountaintops. • Boys were taken from their families at age 7 to live under rigorous military discipline. • Girls were trained to be the mothers of warrior sons. • Spartan women bid the men farewell by saying: "Come back with your shield or on it."

  11. Sparta remained BACKWARD culturally & economically. • Trade and travel were prohibited for fear that alien ideas would disturb the status quo. • A SELF-IMPOSED ISOLATION resulted in: • Intellectual stagnation • Rigid social conformity • Military regimentation

  12. Persia vs Athens&Sparta BATTLE OF MARATHON • The first Persian invasion was a response by King Darius to Greek involvement in the Ionian Revolt • King Darius sent a naval task force to conquer Greece in 490 B.C.E. The Persian force landed near the town of Marathon. The Athenians decided to attack the Persians. • The BATTLE OF MARATHONwas a decisive victory for the Athenian army, which was half the size of the Persians. (6400 Persians died and only 192 Athenians.) • The legend of a Greek messenger running to Athens with news of the victory became the inspiration for the athletic event

  13. Battle of Thermopylae • To block the Persian advance, a force of 7000 Greeks, including 300 Spartans, blocked the pass of Thermopylae, while an Athenian-dominated Allied navy engaged the Persian fleet nearby. • In the resulting BATTLE OF THERMOPYLAE, the rearguard of 300 Spartans was annihilated.

  14. Battle of Salamis • A naval battle fought between an Alliance of Greek city-states led by Athens & the Persian Empire in 480 BC. • Although heavily outnumbered, the Greek fleet led by the Athenian general Themistocles to bring the Persian fleet to battle again, • The Persian king Xerxes was also anxious for a decisive battle. Seizing the opportunity, the Greek fleet formed in line and scored a decisive victory, sinking or capturing at least 300 Persian ships. • As a result Xerxes retreated to Asia with much of his army, Afterwards the Persian made no more attempts to conquer the Greek mainland.

  15. Athens vs Sparta • In 431 B.C., the PELOPONNESIAN WAR broke out between the Spartan League and the Athenian empire. • COMMERCIAL RIVALRY between Athens and Sparta's ally Corinth was an important factor. (Real cause: Spartan fear of Athens' growth of power.) • STRENGTHS: • Sparta's army had the ability to besiege Athens and lay waste to its fields. • Athens' unrivaled navy could import foodstuffs and harass its enemies' costs. • WEAKNESSES: • In 2nd year of war, a plague killed a third of the Athenian population, including Pericles. • Leadership of the Athenian government passed to ineffective leaders. • In 404 B.C., Athens Capitulated after its last fleet was destroyed by a Spartan fleet built with money received from Persia in exchange for the Greek cities in Ionia. • The once great city of Athens was stripped of its possessions & demilitarized.

  16. The Peloponnesian War (431-404 B.C.) Nearly all of Greece was polarized between two alliances.

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