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Myers’ PSYCHOLOGY (7th Ed)

Myers’ PSYCHOLOGY (7th Ed). Chapter 13 Emotion James A. McCubbin, PhD Clemson University Worth Publishers. Chapter 13: Emotion:.

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Myers’ PSYCHOLOGY (7th Ed)

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  1. Myers’ PSYCHOLOGY (7th Ed) Chapter 13 Emotion James A. McCubbin, PhD Clemson University Worth Publishers

  2. Chapter 13: Emotion: A response of the whole organism & involves… physiological arousal expressive behaviors conscious experienceEmotion requires mainly WHICH nervous system? Theories of Emotion: Main ? is…. Which is cause….Which is effect?: Does your heart pound b/c you are afraid… …ORR U afraid b/c you feel your heart pounding? 3 MAIN theories of emotion try to answer this: James-Lange’s Cannon-Bard’s Schacter’s KNOW which is which!!!

  3. Sight of oncoming car (perception of stimulus) Pounding heart (arousal) Fear (emotion) James-Lange Theory of Emotion • Says experience of emotion is an awareness of physiological responses to emotion-arousing stimuli see it  heart pounds  feel fear

  4. Pounding heart (arousal) Sight of oncoming car (perception of stimulus) Fear (emotion) Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion: Emotion = See it  heart pounds + fear (together) • Emotion-arousing stimuli simultaneously trigger: • physiological responses • subjective experience of emotion

  5. Pounding heart (arousal) Sight of car (perception of stimulus) Fear (emotion) Cognitive label “I’m afraid” Schachter’s 2-Factor Theory of Emo. • Says to experience emotion one must: • be physically aroused • cognitively label the arousal…so emotion is… See = heart pound + think of “fear” = fear

  6. COMPARING 2 of the Theories of emotion

  7. Cogni. & Emot.: Brain’s emotional shortcuts Must cognition come b4 emotion? R. Zajonc says “No”… -1 way: subliminal awareness (subconsciously aware…) - shortcut fr. eye (or ear)  thalamus  amygdala

  8. Facial Feedback Hypothesis (Effect): If you make a smile w/ a pen, you will feel happier If you make a frown-like motion, you will feel sadder

  9. 2 Routes to Emotion: Zajonc-LeDoux.:We can react to emotion, then think about whether to worry much about it…

  10. Positive valence pleasant Relaxation: Ahhh… Joy: Yippee!! Low arousal High arousal fear Anger GOOD GRIEF!! Sadness Oh, well… Negative valence 2 Dimensions (aspects) of Emotion: Can it be Pos. vs. neg. b/c of personality?“Up” & ready to perform…or stage fright?

  11. Autonomic NS controls physiological arousal Sympathetic division (arousing) Pupils dilate Decreases Perspires Increases Accelerates Inhibits Secrete stress hormones Parasympathetic division (calming) Pupils contract Increases Dries Decreases Slows Activates Decreases secretion of stress hormones EYES SALIVATION SKIN RESPIRATION HEART DIGESTION ADRENAL GLANDS Emotion & Physiology: STRESS!(506):

  12. Arousal & Performance:KNOW these! Yerkes-Dodson Law Performance: For difficult tasks: Perform BEST at lower levels of arousal(stress) For easy or well-learned tasks: Perform BEST at higher levels of arousal

  13. Emotion: “Lie Detectors” p. 508-9 Polygraph: machine commonly used in attempts to detect lies • measures several of the physiological responses accompanying emotion • perspiration • cardiovascular • breathing changes • Control question : Up to age 18, did you ever physically harm anyone? • Relevant ? : Did [the deceased] threaten to harm you in any way? • Relevant  Control  Lie

  14. Emotion--A Polygraph Exam (lie-detector):Is really an “emotion detector!”

  15. Respiration Perspiration Heart rate Control question Relevant question Control question Relevant question (a) (b) Emotion--Lie Detectors

  16. Percentage 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Innocent people Guilty people Judged innocent by polygraph Judged guilty by polygraph Emotion--Lie Detectors • 50 Innocents • 50 Thieves • 1/3 of innocent declared guilty • 1/4 of guilty declared innocent (from Kleinmuntz & Szucko, 1984)

  17. Emotion--Lie Detectors p. 508-9 MAYBE should be called a “fear-detector” test? Why? Use in court? Since when? See “Aldrich Ames” • Is 70% accuracy good? • Assume 5% of 1000 employees actually guilty • test all employee…285 will be wrongly accused • What about “95% accuracy”? • Means if 1 in 1000 employees actually guilty... • test all employees (1 guilt. + 999) • 50 wrongly declared guilty • 1 of 51 testing positive guilty (~2%) --What do we see? QUICK!! Next slide! Don’t talk!  Just write downexpressions YOU SEE!!!

  18. Liar, liar, brain’s on fire  RECENT research: M. Gazzaniga: An fMRI scan identified two brain areas that became especially active when a participant lied about holding a five of clubs. Can we use BRAIN SCANS to identify those lying..like terrorists??

  19.  

  20. 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 # of expressions Women Men Sad Happy Scary Film Type Expressed EmotionPpl detect an angry face faster than a happy one! Gender & expressiveness

  21. Experienced vs. Expressed emotionsExpressed Emotion: “Expressions” (what we show) • Culturally universal (aka cross-cultural) expressions: Name each… • P. 514: Which 2 are MOST universally interpreted? • WHICH do teens often misinterpret?

  22. Expressed Emotion says these are the ingredients of emotion

  23. Experienced Emotion: What influences our conscious experience… How emotions influence our situations Infants’ naturally occurring emotions

  24. Display Rules, Gestures, Emblems: Body Language Display Rules: Culturally defined rules that specify which emotions should or should not be expressed under certain circumstances: Bowing vs. shaking hands Showing anger : not done in some collectivist societies (like Japan—more likely to be inhibited Gestures : common body language w/in a culture: Ex’s: Clenched fist can indicate anger …or solidarity Thumbs up/down: often used as gestures of approval/disapproval Emblems: body language that substitutes for a word; can sometimes be unconscious; also related to cultures: PEACE!

  25. Experienced Emotion • The Amygdala- (aka amygdale) A neural key to fear-learning -Fear poisons us… -..is adaptive -..is learned (little Albert?) -..is correlated w/ higher levels of serotonin (genetic) WHAT happens w/ excessive stress & emotion?? 

  26. Stress & the Heart: Personality Types(from ch 14) • “Type A Personality” • Friedman and Rosenman’s term for competitive, hard-driving, impatient, verbally aggressive, & anger-prone people *Possible sub-category of “A”?? Some say there’s a..TYPE D: Newer term: --gets very angry, is destructive emotionally …road-rage, etc. (distressed, destructive) -A special form of Type A Type B • Friedman & Rosenman’s term for easygoing, relaxed people (“calm-water”)

  27. The body’s resistance to stress can last only so long before exhaustion sets in Stress resistance Stressor occurs Phase 1 Alarm reaction (mobilize resources) Phase 2 Resistance (cope w/ stressor) Phase 3 Exhaustion (reserves depleted) Stress & Illness (from ch. 14) • General Adaptation Syndrome • Selye’s idea of the body’s adaptive response to stress in 3 stages: • Alarm • Resistance • Exhaustion

  28. Experienced Emotion:Anger & how it affects usHappiness? + what influences happiness… • Catharsis hypothesis: • emotional release • catharsis hypothesis • “releasing” aggressive energy (through action or fantasy) relieves aggressive urges • (Good idea…….But…it doesn’twork!) • Feel-good, do-good phenomenon: This does work! • people’s tendency to be helpful when already in a good mood • ALSO…if you are NOT pushed for time, you are more likely to stop & help someone else in need

  29. Heart disease Persistent stressors and negative emotions Release of stress hormones Immune suppression Unhealthy behaviors (smoking, drinking, poor nutrition and sleep) Autonomic nervous system effects (headaches, hypertension) Stress and Disease: Suppression of Immune system • Negative emotions and health-related consequences

  30. Emotion: Stress & Disease Psycho-physiological Illness • “mind-body” illness…EX: stress increases hypertension (high BP), migraines, • any stress-related physical illness • some forms of hypertension (hi BP & some headaches • Is NOT hypochondriasis (thinking you are sick all the time) • Lymphocytes: 2 types of white blood cells that are part of the body’s immune system • B lymphocytes form in the Bone marrow - fight bacterial infections • T lymphocytes form in the Thymus - attack cancer cells, viruses, and foreign substances

  31. Experienced Emotion • Subjective Well-Being • self-perceived happiness or satisfaction with life • used along with measures of objective well-being • ? = “Over-all, how satisfied are you with your life?” • physical and economic indicators to evaluate people’s quality of life Most ppl.—even those who lost ability to walk, etc.– measure subjective well-being at 85% or higher.

  32. Adaptation-Level Phenomenon • tendency to form judgments relative to a “neutral” level: Hot? …from Minnesota  VA  CA ? • What is “normal” depends on our situation, what we are used to… p. 526, 1st paragraph *amt. of lights or sound … or level of income • defined by our prior experience (grass is greener?) Relative Deprivation(being deprived) • perception that one is worse off is relative to those with whom one compares oneself • Make a $million per year?? What if you are a pro-ball player…would that seem as good? Why? • Get more…then …compare to others…Why not ME??? See cartoons, p. 526 

  33. Experienced Emotion: Mood changes w/ time of day… B_____Rhythms? • Moods across the day

  34. Experienced Emotion:What we think about what brings us happiness • Changing materialism:An American increasing desire for wealth • Which is more important? Money or a meaning in life?

  35. 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 -0.2 -0.4 Importance scores Money Love 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00 7.00 Life satisfaction • Values & life satisfaction: But which is most important? Love or money? • College students w/ highest life satisfaction scores? (below)

  36. Experienced Emotion Pleasure: Where in brain is this produced? The nucleus accumbens, in connection w/ the hypothalamus, produces our sense of pleasure—sexual, but also happiness, joy, & satisfaction Does money buy happiness? See graph (524): • What has happened to the Amer. buying power since the ’50’s? • What has happened to % of ppl saying they are “very happy”? • Research: If you get more $$, you do tend more to happiness…temporarily… Why? What happens??? 

  37. But Happiness Seems NotMuch Related to Other Factors, like… Age Gender (women are more often depressed, but also more often joyful) Education levels Parenthood (having children or not) Physical attractiveness Researchers Have Found That Happy People DO Tend to… Have high self-esteem (in individualistic countries) Be optimistic, outgoing, and agreeable Have close friendships or a satisfying marriage Have work and leisure that engage their skills Have a meaningful religious faith Sleep well and exercise Happiness is... ?? (527)

  38. Levels of analysis for the study of emotionAs with other psychological phenomena, researchers explore emotion at biological, psychological, and social- cultural level BIO-PSYCHO-SOCIAL

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