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Population

Explore different migration categories like refugees, IDPs, and ecological migration, and understand the impact of aging populations on workforce with replacement migration. Learn about population pyramids, birth and death rate trends, and demographic changes.

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Population

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  1. Population

  2. Definitions • 1) Conditions that attract migrants are called pull factors • 2) Conditions in the sending country that cause people to move away are called push factors • 3) People who are forced to move from their homes, but not outside the borders of their country are called internally displaced persons (IDPs) • 4) The movement of people from one area to another because of changing environmental conditions is called ecological migration • 5) The movement of people against their will, often due to persecution or fear of persecution, is called involuntary migration

  3. Definitions • 6) People who leave their home country because they fear for their safety are called refugees • 7) The country that has received more than one million refugees from the conflicts in both Afghanistan and Iraq is Iran • 8) When conditions in the home country improve so that refugees may safely return home, the process is called voluntary repatriation • 9) When a government gives illegal immigrants legal status, the process is known as an amnesty • 10) Migration needed to offset the growing problem of an aging workforce/declining population is called replacement migration

  4. The various categories of migration are determined by four questions • These are: Voluntary or involuntary? Permanent or temporary? Legal or illegal? International or internal? • 11) The two main ways that people become illegal immigrants are - entering a country illegally • - illegally remaining in the country after a visa has expired or an asylum application has been denied • 12) The two regions in the world that receive the most illegal immigrants are United States and Western Europe • 13) Two Canadian provinces that have had their populations increased because of internal migration are Alberta, British Columbia

  5. Population Pyramids

  6. Hans Rosling • https://www.ted.com/talks/hans_rosling_on_global_population_growth/transcript?language=en

  7. Population Pyramids • A population pyramid is two back-to-back bar graphs, one showing the number of males and one showing females in a particular population in five-year age groups (also called cohorts). • A great deal of information about the population broken down by age and sex can be read from a population pyramid, and this can shed light on the extent of its development. • Birth rate trends • Death rate trends • Number of economic dependents (<15, >65)

  8. Population PyramidsThree basic shapes of population pyramids .

  9. Population Pyramids – CAN 1961 Aging Population Depression Baby Boom

  10. Population Pyramids – CAN 2006

  11. Population Pyramids – US 1990

  12. Population Pyramids – US 2000

  13. Population Pyramids – US 2025

  14. Population Pyramids – US 2050

  15. Population Pyramids – US 2100

  16. Power of Pyramid: SAK

  17. Demographers categorize any population they examine into its male and female components by age divisions called cohorts. • The most common cohorts are five year intervals. • This data is displayed in so-called age-sex structure.

  18. Because the age-sex structures of many countries take a triangular or pyramidal shape, this type of graph is called POPULATION PYRAMID.

  19. Reading Population Pyramids Observing different characteristics of the population pyramid can tell you a lot about the population. • Width of the base: • birth rate varies with the width of the base.  A wide base indicates a high birth rate and a narrow base indicates a low birth rate. • Symmetry: • statistically speaking pyramids should be relatively symmetrical.  Any asymmetry indicates a difference in the male and female population.  This pyramid shows more females at the 85+ age range which indicates that women are living to older ages than males.

  20. Expansive or expanding • Expansive or expanding population pyramids have this classic triangular/pyramid shape.  • The wide base of this population pyramid indicates a  high birth rate & the narrow top indicates a high death rate

  21. Expansive or Extending II • Generally speaking an expanding population is characteristic of a lower standard of living: • high birth rate due to poor access to birth control, lack of education etc.; • high death rate due to poor medical care & nutrition

  22. Stationary or Stable • population pyramids have a 1/2 elipse shape.  • The base of this population pyramid is similar in width to the population of the reproductive ages which indicates a  stable population.

  23. Stationary or Stable II • Generally speaking stable populations are characteristic of a high standard of living due to: • low birth rate due to good family planning, access to birth control, financial planning, education, etc.; • low death rate due to good medical care, nutrition, education etc.

  24. Contractive or contracting • population pyramids have a narrower base than the reproductive age population.  • This indicates a  decreasing population trend.  • The low birth rate is indicative of a well developed country

  25. Reading Population Pyramids • Shape of sides: • Concave sides indicate a high death rate and convex sides indicate a low death rate.  • If the population pyramid exhibits concave sides it indicates a high death rate.

  26. Descriptions • Bumps in the sides: • Irregularities in the sides indicate a demographic anomaly.  • The 30 -50 age group in the population pyramid represents the baby boom.  • This bump will travel upward as the baby boomers age. • Classification: • Indicates standard of living as described above.

  27. Dependency Ratio • The working age of people varies.  • Traditionally people worked until they were 65 years old.  • The common trend now is for people to retire closer to 55 years of age.  • However, for statistic purposes we recognize people between 15 and 65 as the workers of a society.  • People under 15 and over 65 are considered dependant upon the working population.  • The dependency ratio (DR) of a population indicates how many people are dependant upon every 100 workers.The formula is    DR = (pop. 0-14) + (pop. 65+)*100        (pop. 15-64)

  28. Test Yourself • What does the vertical axis on the population pyramid represent? • What type of population pyramid is indicative of a lesser developed country? • What does a narrow base to the population pyramid indicate? • What type of population pyramid has a triangular shape? • What type of population pyramid is wider at the reproductive age than at the pre-reproductive ages. • _?_ are graphs that show the age structure of a population by age & gender. • What type of population pyramid is depicted below? What characteristic of this population pyramid indicate its high death rate?

  29. The Demographic Transition Model • Birth and death Rates appear to go through a sequence of predictable changes. • Demographers call this pattern of changes The DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION

  30. Stages of the Demographic Transition

  31. Transition 1 • Both high birth rates and death rates fluctuate in the first stage of the population model giving a small population growth (shown by the small total population graph). There are many reasons for this: • little access to birth control • many children die in infancy (high infant mortality) so parents tend to have more children to compensate in the hopes that more will live • children are needed to work on the land to grow food for the family • children are regarded as a sign of virility in some cultures • religious beliefs (e.g. Roman Catholics and Hindus) encourage large families • high death rates, especially among children because of disease, famine, poor diet, poor hygiene, little medical science.

  32. Stage 2 • Birth rates remain high, but death rates fall rapidly causing a high population growth (as shown by the total population graph). The reasons for this could be: • improvements in medical care - hospitals, medicines, etc. • improvements in sanitation and water supply • quality and quantity of food produced rises • transport and communications improve the movements of food and medical supplies • decrease in infant mortality.

  33. Stage 3 • Birth rates now fall rapidly while death rates continue to fall. The total population begins to peak and the population increase slows to a constant. The reasons for this could be: • increased access to contraception • lower infant mortality rate means there is less need to have a bigger family • industrialization and mechanization means fewer laborers are required • the desire for material possessions takes over the desire for large families as wealth increases • equality for women means that they are able to follow a career path rather than feeling obligated to have a family.

  34. Stage 4 • Both birth rates and death rates remain low, fluctuating with 'baby booms' and epidemics of illnesses and disease. • This results in a steady population.

  35. Stage 5? • stage 5 was not originally thought of as part of the DTM, but some northern countries are now reaching the stage where total population is declining where birth rates have dropped below death rates. One such country is Germany, which has taken in foreign workers to fill jobs. The UK's population is expected to start declining by 2021.

  36. Examples • Population changes over time and space and the DTM can show both of these. Examples for both of these are shown below. Firstly, examples of countries that can be classed as exhibiting the population traits now, are shown as an example of how population can change over SPACE. Secondly, the dates the UK passed through each stage are indicated as an example of how population in one country can change over TIME.

  37. Stage 1Ethiopia / BangladeshUK: pre-1780 • Stage 2Sri Lanka / BrazilUK: 1780 - 1880 • Stage 3Uruguay / ChinaUK: 1880 - 1940Stage 4Canada / JapanUK: post-1940

  38. Three Patterns of Population Change

  39. Comparing with the PPM • Each of the stages of the Demographic Transition Model (DTM) can be directly compared to the stages of the Population Pyramid Model. • The chart below indicates ways in which the DTM and PPM differ or are similar in their structure.

  40. Comparing with the PPM • Demographic Transition Model • drawn as a line graph • doesn't show male and female populations • shows total population as a separate line • gives details of countries in stages • shows the relationship between birth and death rates and how these affect total population obviously (using the line graphs) • only one diagram necessary to show all stages • Population Pyramid Model • drawn as a bar graph • shows male and female population proportions • total population is shown as the total area of the graph • shows greater detail about the populations at each stage (amount in each age and gender at any one time) • shows direct relationship between birth and death rates and how these affect total population indirectly (through the shape of the diagrams) • four diagrams necessary to show all stages

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