Pioneering ideas in management

1. Pioneering ideas in management 2 Ridel A. 2-Pioneering ideas in management

2. Management theories Preclassical contributors Classical viewpoint Behavioral viewpoint Quantitative viewpoint Contemporary viewpoint Scientific management Early behaviorist Management science System theories Bureaucratic management Hawthorne studies Operation management Contingency theories Administrative management relations movement Management information system Emerging view Behavioral science approach 2-Pioneering ideas in management

3. Preclassical contribution • Robert Owen • British entrepreneur (Scotland?) • 1771-1858 • To recognized the important of HR • Interested: working, living condition of his  • Tried to improve the living of  • To be a radical 2-Pioneering ideas in management

4. Preclassical contribution • Charles Babage • English mathematician • 1792-1871 • As father of computing • To enthralled: work specialization • A bonus & a portion of wages 2-Pioneering ideas in management

5. Preclassical contribution • Henry R. Towne • Company president • Mechanical engineer • 18844-1924 • To run an org. effectively: good engineering skill + good business skills 2-Pioneering ideas in management

6. The preclassical contributors and their pioneering ideas 2-Pioneering ideas in management

7. Full name: Niccolò di Bernardo dei Machiavelli Birth: May 3, 1469)Florence, Italy Death: June 21, 1527 (aged 58)Florence, Italy School/tradition: Renaissance philosophy, realism, classical republicanism Main interests: Politics, military theory, history 2-Pioneering ideas in management

8. Born: date of birth unknownDied: date of death unknownOccupation: Military commander Ethnicity: Chinese Writing period:722–481 BCE or 403–221 BCE (disputed) Subjects: Military strategy Notable work(s): The Art of War Statue of Sun Tzu in Yurihama, Tottori, Japan 2-Pioneering ideas in management

9. Classical viewpoint - Scientific management - Frederic Winslow Taylor, The Gilbreths Henry L. Gantt, - Bureaucratic management - Max Weber - Administrative management - Henry Fayol, Chester Barnard 2-Pioneering ideas in management

10. 1856-1915 (Philadelphia) The father of scientific management 3 main reasons→ principles of S.M Workers Feared: productivity ↑ → lose their jobs, how to handle? Incentive may cause operating at a slow pace Taylor feared: inefficient methods (working & rules) Frederick Winslow Taylor Frederick Winslow Taylor:1856-1915 2-Pioneering ideas in management

11. Taylor’s Four Principles of Scientific Management • Scientifically study each part of a task and develop the best method of performing the task. • Carefully select workers and train them to perform the task by using the scientifically developed method. • Cooperate fully with workers to ensure that they use the proper method. • Divide work and responsibility so that management is responsible for planning work methods using scientific principles and workers are responsible for executing the work accordingly. 2-Pioneering ideas in management

12. The Gilbreths (husband & wife) = Frank (1868-1924) + Lillian (1878-1972) 1861-1919 Taylor’s friend Consultant The Gilbreths Henry L. Gantt 2-Pioneering ideas in management

13. German sociologist: consultant, professor, author 1864-1920 Max Weber Maximilian Weber: Germanpolitical economist and sociologist 2-Pioneering ideas in management

14. Key Characteristics of Weber’s Ideal Bureaucracy • Specialization of labor • Formal rules and procedures • Impersonality • Well-defined hierarchy • Career advancement based on merit 2-Pioneering ideas in management

15. French industrialist (1841-1925) He delineated 5 major functions Planning Organizing Commanding Coordinating & controlling Henry Fayol Henri Fayol(1841 in Istanbul – 1925 in Paris) was a Frenchmanagement theorist. 2-Pioneering ideas in management

16. Division of work Authority Discipline Unity of command Unity of direction Subordination of individual interest to the general interest Remuneration Efficiencies To give order, power For smooth running 1 supervisor only 1 plan, 1 who charge () vs. (  )? Pay: fair Fayol’s 14 Principles of Management 2-Pioneering ideas in management

17. Centralization Scalar chain Order Equity Stability and tenure Initiative Esprit de corps According to situation Hierarchical: top to bottom, com. path Materials keeping Kindness & justice Prevent turnover, why? Subordinate (creativity) Teamwork Fayol’s 14 Principles of Management 2-Pioneering ideas in management

18. Born in Massachusetts 1886-1961 Acceptance theory of authority OK if Understand the com. Com. →org. purposes Feel in line their need, .. ..able to comply? Chester Barnard 2-Pioneering ideas in management

19. Behavioral viewpoint - Early behaviorists - Hugo Münsterberg, Mary Parker Follett - Hawthorne studies - 1st set of studies, 2nd set of studies, 3rd set of studies, its impacts - Human relation movement - Abraham Maslow, Douglas McGregor - Behavioral science approach 2-Pioneering ideas in management

20. Born in Germany (1863-1916) The book argued: Psychologists should Study jobs Find ways: suited job Could: psychological cond. for do best work Dev. influence strategy Born in Boston (1863-1933), F Social worker Ideas: (conflict solution) The functioning of group vs. proponent Principle power vs. power over Solution: satisfy both parties Hugo Münsterberg Mary Parker Follett 2-Pioneering ideas in management

21. Hawthorne studies • The Hawthorne studies are a group of studies conducted at the Hawthorne plant of the Western Electric Com. 1920s-1930s • A behavioral approach concerned for the workers. • To seeking greater efficiently: tool & methods 2-Pioneering ideas in management

22. Maslow’s hierarchy of needs Self-actualization Esteem needs Social needs Safety needs Physiological needs 2-Pioneering ideas in management

23. Physiological needs Air, water, nourishment, sleep Safety Living in safe area Medical insurance Job security Financial reserve Social needs Friends, belonging, love Esteem Self-respect, achievement, attention, recognition, reputation Self-actualization Truth, justice, wisdom, meaning Maslow’s hierarchy of needs Source: NetMBA, Business knowledge Center 2-Pioneering ideas in management

24. American needs hierarchy Chinese needs hierarchy Source: Psychology, by Jane S. Halonen and John W. Santrock, 2/e, p.455 2-Pioneering ideas in management

25. Theory X And Theory Y • Theory X: the assumption that employees dislike work, are lazy, dislike responsibility, and must be coerced to perform • Theory Y: the assumption that employees like work, are creative, seek responsibility, and can exercise self-direction Douglas McGregor(1906-1964) 2-Pioneering ideas in management

26. Employees inherently dislike work and, whenever possible, will attempt to avoid it Since employees dislike work, they must be coerced, controlled, or threatened with punishment to achieve goals. Employees will avoid responsibilities and seek formal direction whenever possible. Most workers place security above all other factors associated with work and will display little ambition. Employees can view work as being as natural as rest or play People will exercise self-direction and self-control if they are committed to the objectives. The average person can learn to accept, even seek, responsibility The ability to make innovative decision is widely dispersed throughout the population and is not necessarily the sole province of those in management positions. Labeled theory X (Negative) Labeled theory Y (Positive) 2-Pioneering ideas in management

27. Extra motivation theories • Two-factor theory • ERG • Expectancy theory • Equity theory • Goal setting theory 2-Pioneering ideas in management

28. System theory Products & services ▪ ▪ Profits & loses ▪ Organizational resources ▪ Mn’t functions ▪ Employees growth & satisfaction ▪ Information ▪ Technology Inputs Outputs Transformation process Feedback from environment Results ▪ ▪ Organizational status 2-Pioneering ideas in management

29. A system that operates in continual interaction with its environment. A system that does little or no interacting with its environment & receives little feedback Open system Closed system 2-Pioneering ideas in management

30. The ability of the whole to equal more than the sum of its parts. A viewpoint that argues that appropriate managerial action depends on the particular parameters of the situation Synergy Contingency theory 2-Pioneering ideas in management

31. Source Management Kathry M. Bartol: University of Maryland, College Park David C. Martin : American University 2-Pioneering ideas in management