Global Interaction

1. Unit 7: Global Interaction

2. Unit Summary: Focus on the impact of the interaction between EUR, the Americas, Africa, and Asia • Essential Question: How did global interaction during the Age of Exploration positively and negatively impact the participants?

3. I. Meso-America • Meso-America = Mexico + Central America • Pre-Columbian = time of the Americas before Columbus (1492) • Part of their Neolithic Rev. involved growing corn (maize) – crop unknown to EUR

4. I. Meso-America A.Mayans (1500 BC – 1546 AD) 1. one ruler – ½ man ½ god (theocracy) 2. successful farming led to dev or wealth in social classes (most ppl farmers) 3. human sacrifices 4. measured movement of sun, moon, Venus to predict future 5. calculated solar yr 365.2420 days, new concept of zero, used dots and dashes for language

5. I. Meso-America B. Aztecs (1200-1521) 1. all-powerful emperor (also theocracy) followed by nobles, commoners, then slaves 2. extensive trade network, made chinampas (floating gardens in marshes) 3. observations of the sky, aligned temples based on movement of sun & moon 4. needed human sacrifices to keep sun and moon moving across the sky (conquered ppl would be kept for sacrifices)

6. I. Meso-America C. Inca Empire (1200-1535) 1. dev. in Andes Mts. of S. America 2. terraced mts for living& crops 3. Machu Picchu best example of building in mts

7. I. Meso-America 4. ruler is descendant of sun god (also theocracy) 5. gov buildings same everywhere to show gov presence 6. bldgs used no cement 7. stone roads – all led to capital Cuzco 8. its almost like a welfare state w/ a huge bureaucracy 9. used complicated system of calendars for god worship

8. I. Meso-America D. Gender Roles 1. boys given machete girls given a stone tool (grind maize) 2. women prepare food, plant crops, sold goods in market, or priestesses

9. IV. The Columbian Exchange • Marco Polo increased EUR interest in Asia • Turks take Constantinople & cut off EUR from Asia – need all water passage • Renaissance ideas + new innovations (compass, triangle sail, astrolabe) led EUR to explore the oceans

10. IV. The Columbian Exchange • Age of Discovery 1. SP & PORT led EUR in exploring 2. Prince Henry (PORT) started navigation school, sponsored expeditions, dev. new sailing ship

11. IV. The Columbian Exchange 3. 1492 - Ferdinand & Isabella completed Reconquista (reconquest of SP Muslim areas) uniting country

12. IV. The Columbian Exchange 4. Columbus landed in New World & provided new sources of wealth & raw materials to EUR

13. IV. The Columbian Exchange

14. IV. The Columbian Exchange 5. Columbian Exchange – massive exchange of products and ideas due to Columbus’ voyages 6. EUR diet improved due to new foods: corn, beans, pineapple, squash, potatoes, tomatoes, peppers 7. EUR into to New World wheat, sugar, cattle, horses, pigs, sheep, chickens

15. IV. The Columbian Exchange B. Other Explorers 1. Vasco de Gama – 1st around Africa to India 2. Ferdinand Magellan – 1st to circumnavigate (circle) globe. Proved world was round 3. ENG, FR, HOL also sent explorers

16. V. Conquest of the Americas A. Spain • Spanish conquistadors & priests arrive. • Came to conquer natives, seize gold & silver, obtain natural resources, & convert natives to Christianity • SPA using horses & guns were able to take over lg. #s of natives

17. V. Conquest of the Americas 4. Hernando Cortes in MEX met Montezuma (Aztecs) 5. Aztecs thot SP were gods – showered them w/ gifts 6. 1521 – Cortes attacked Aztecs w/ Aztec enemies, guns, cannons, smallpox – Aztecs had spears, bow & arrow, clubs - Cortes wins easily

18. V. Conquest of the Americas 7. 1530 – Francisco Pizarro met & conquered Incas in Peru. 8. His success was for the same reasons as Cortes’ 9. Due to SP conquests – region turns into Latin America (fusion of EUR & Native Amer. cultures)

19. V. Conquest of the Americas 10. Viceroys (royal governor) ruled colonies in king’s name 11. SP used natives for forced labor on land & in mines – b/c encomienda system 12. Jesuits priests built churches, founded hospitals, taught ag skills

20. V. Conquest of the Americas 13. Native pops declined rapidly due to EUR intro of diseases 14. 1518 = approx. 25 mil. 1590 = approx. 3 mil. 15. EUR need labor force – turn to Africa – begin slave trade

21. V. Conquest of the Americas B. Other EUR Colonies 1. New FR est in Canada – mostly trading outposts & rel. conversions 2. Dutch claimed area of New York called it New Netherlands 3. control given to Dutch West India Co. – created New Amsterdam – b/c center of trade in N.Amer.

22. V. Conquest of the Americas 4. ENG est. 1st perm settlement @ Jamestown, Virginia 1607 5. started out looking for gold but turned to tobacco 6. Protestant groups Pilgrims & Puritans came to worship freely 7. eventually 13 colonies from Georgia to Mass.

23. VI. Atlantic Slave Trade

24. VI. Atlantic Slave Trade • This is the most negative aspect of EUR colonization of the Americas • Powerful African tribes captured ppl and traded them to EUR for guns and other stuff - stage 1 • Stage 2 – Middle Passage – worst part of the system due to treatment on ships crossing Atlantic

25. VI. Atlantic Slave Trade Approx. 475 ppl aboard this ship – the more ppl the higher profit

26. VI. Atlantic Slave Trade “Coffin” position on the ships – maximize # of ppl 1 ship can take

27. VI. Atlantic Slave Trade • Stage 3 – ships transport goods (tobacco, cotton, sugar, coffee) to EUR • Legacy of Slave Trade: • encouraged AFR tribes to go to war • disrupted AFR culture – more violent • increased cultural diffusion b/w EUR, AFR, & Americas