1 / 31

Notes 3/25 Essays back end of class Quiz Thursday 3/27 No items today What about those boxes?

Explore the historical methods and documents used to understand the impact of Spanish explorers on the environment and indigenous populations in the Southwest. Learn about the consequences of colonization, including disease, domestication, and the exchange of goods and ideas.

wwong
Download Presentation

Notes 3/25 Essays back end of class Quiz Thursday 3/27 No items today What about those boxes?

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. Notes 3/25 Essays back end of class Quiz Thursday 3/27 No items today What about those boxes?

  2. Today: The Seams of Pangea Close!!! The End of Prehistory!! World Systems Begin!!

  3. Spanish and MexicanSW Environmental History • Historical Documents Methods • Spanish Explorers & Climate • Huge cultural & Technological differences • Spanish History and Institutions • Crown and Church • Mexican Period (very brief)

  4. Historical Methods: Examples • Inscriptions– El Morro NM • Diaries, including indirect observations • First robin of spring etc. • Governmental records (census) • Church Records (birth/death/marriage) • Private estate records (taxes) • Land survey records/scarred trees

  5. Temporal proximity? Spatial proximity? Expert or amateur? Changes in recorders? Scaled data or opinions? 28°F. vs. “Very cold” Historical Methods: Eyewitness Accounts

  6. Historical Documents: Can They Be Trusted? • Purpose of document? • Biased recorder? • Extreme events • Budget motives • Was the witness willing to tell the truth? • Independent corroboration** KEY***

  7. Worlds Collide: Columbian Consequences • Columbus—1492,1493, 1498, 1502 Cortez—1521--Mexico Pizarro—1532--Peru http://www.enchantedlearning.com/explorers/

  8. Spanish Explorers/Colonizers of the Southwest • Alvar Nunez de Cabeza de Vaca Francisco Vázquez de Coronado don Juan de Oñate don Diego de Vargas

  9. Spanish Explorers of the Southwest • Francisco Vázquez de Coronado • Search for 7 Cities of Cibola • 1540-1542 • 300 Spaniards • 700 Indian Auxiliaries • 1000s of head of Livestock • An INVASION

  10. to Pecos Zuni Tucson Coronado’s Route in AZ? • Maps lost • Documents vague • Names ambiguous • Despoblado ??? • Disease??? • Native guides may have been lost • No longer familiar with AZ Highlands? Culiacan

  11. Coronado and Climate Chama=Red, Jemez=Black 1532-1548

  12. 1598: Don Juan de Oñate • Lead 500 colonists from Mexico to New Mexico • Livestock, supplies • Traveled through Rio Grande Pueblo country • First Spanish settlement in the American Southwest, near Santa Fe. • Fighting between the Spanish and Native Americans--- Acoma

  13. Onate and ClimateChama=Red, Jemez=Black 1598 1610

  14. Revolt and Reconquestencomienda= tributerepartimiento=paid forced labor • 1680 Pueblo Revolt • Puebloans organized and revolted against Spanish settlements • Pope-- Pecos • Spaniards retreated to El Paso • 1692 Reconquest • don Diego de Vargas

  15. Conflict and Climate 1680 1692

  16. Yalu’s Question? • Intelligence? • Racist • Technological ability? • Proximate • Cold vs. warm climate? • Exceptions exist

  17. Continental Axes Differ • Easier to share ideas & plants across longitude • Latitudinal sharing hindered by climate, environmental barriers

  18. Domestication dates • Early in Eurasia • Late in the Americas • Little independent domestication in SW

  19. Mammalian Domestication • Few candidates in the Americas (Llama, Alpaca) • In the SW: turkey and dog only

  20. Infectious Disease • Eurasians evolved with it, Americans didn’t • Germs could invade prior to the people • Devastating– 95% Mortality?

  21. Modern Homework: Disease Influenza Pandemic 1918 • Killed: 20 M world wide • Infected 25% of pop • Killed 600,000 US Most deaths: Sept-Nov Most deaths: 20-40 y/olds

  22. According to Diamond: • Environmental determinism • Grand-scale geography key • Eurasians had environmental advantages • Domesticated plants and animals early • Shared ideas easily • Developed metallurgy and writing • Co-evolved with infectious diseases • Dominated Americans at first contact

  23. Environmental Determinism (ED) vs. Environmentalism • ED = Environment sole determinant • Equatorial cultures unproductive: hot • Temperate cultures productive cooler • Racist, now discredited • Environmentalism • Environmental exerts influence, but not sole determinant • Culture plays a major role

  24. More Spanish Explorers of the Southwest • Padre Eusebio Francisco Kino • 1692-1711 • Reached Tucson • Jesuit • Technology • Livestock • Agriculture What did he see?

  25. Spanish Presidios • Military Forts • Protection • Indian Raiding • Livestock (cattle, horses) abundant • Farming nearby • Tucson, Tubac, El Paso • Ended in 1821.

  26. Spanish Missions • San Xavier del Bac (White Dove of the Desert) • Kino 1692 • 1770s rebuilt by Franciscans • Just SW of Tucson • Still active church • Still active farming • Tumacácori. http://www.smrc-missiontours.com/

  27. European  Native American Exchange • Cattle, Horses • Sheep, Goats, Pigs • Citrus, Figs • Metal tools • Guns • Distilled Alcohol • Epidemic Diseases • Writing

  28. Corn Beans Squash Turkey Chili Pepper Tomatillo Sunflower Walnut Acorn Mesquite Bean Agave Pine Nut Amaranth Chocolate Native American  European Exchange

  29. 1800s Historical Dates • Mexican Independence 1821 • Mexican-American War 1846 • Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo 1848 • Gadsden Purchase 1854

  30. Mexican Independence, 1821 • Several large stock grants in AZ, 1820s • Abandoned 1830s and 1840s • Apache raiding

  31. Spanish-Mexican SW • Historical observations of people and environments • Not without limitations • Introduction of new environmental facets • Domesticated animals • Wheat • Diseases • Beginning of grazing in SW

More Related