Other Types of Reduction

1. Other Types of Reduction Lesson 27 By Joseph C. Blumenthal

2. Reduction is the same as using a tack—and not a spike—to fasten a calendar to the wall. • If either a clause or a phrase says exactly the same thing, use the (clause, phrase).

3. Reduction is the same as using a tack—and not a spike—to fasten a calendar to the wall. • If either a clause or a phrase says exactly the same thing, use the (clause, phrase).

4. If either a phrase or an adverb says exactly the same thing, use the (phrase, adverb).

5. If either a phrase or an adverb says exactly the same thing, use the (phrase, adverb).

6. Sentence • Clause • Phrase (verbal, appositive, prepositional) • Single word (adjective, adverb) • As we move sown this list from 1 to 4, the sentence elements become (simpler, more complicated).

7. Sentence • Clause • Phrase (verbal, appositive, prepositional) • Single word (adjective, adverb) • As we move sown this list from 1 to 4, the sentence elements become (simpler, more complicated).

8. Sentence • Clause • Phrase (verbal, appositive, prepositional) • Single word (adjective, adverb) • We reduce a word group, we move (up, down) the above list of sentence elements.

9. Sentence • Clause • Phrase (verbal, appositive, prepositional) • Single word (adjective, adverb) • We reduce a word group, we move (up, down) the above list of sentence elements.

10. We play the game in a different way. • We play the game differently. • When we reduce the prepositional phrase (4 words) in sentence a to the adverb differently in sentence b, do we change the meaning in any way? (yes, no)

11. We play the game in a different way. • We play the game differently. • When we reduce the prepositional phrase (4 words) in sentence a to the adverb differently in sentence b, do we change the meaning in any way? (yes, no)

12. By reduction we do not mean eliminating words that add to the meaning or interest of a sentence. • When we reduce a word group, we make (no, a slight) change in meaning.

13. By reduction we do not mean eliminating words that add to the meaning or interest of a sentence. • When we reduce a word group, we make (no, a slight) change in meaning.

14. In the previous lesson, we reduced clauses to phrases built on present and past participles, gerunds, and infinitives. • These word groups are simpler than clauses because they (do, do not) contain subjects and predicates.

15. In the previous lesson, we reduced clauses to phrases built on present and past participles, gerunds, and infinitives. • These word groups are simpler than clauses because they (do, do not) contain subjects and predicates.

16. Here is an adjective clause that can be reduced to something even simpler—a prepositional phrase. • The apples that were in the window looked larger. • The apples in the window looked larger. • By reducing the adjective clause to prepositional phrase, we eliminate __ words. (How many?)

17. Here is an adjective clause that can be reduced to something even simpler—a prepositional phrase. • The apples that were in the window looked larger. • The apples in the window looked larger. • By reducing the adjective clause to prepositional phrase, we eliminate twowords. (How many?)

18. This is a matter which is of great importance. • Reduce the italicized adjective clause to a prepositional phrase: • This is a matter _______________.

19. This is a matter which is of great importance. • Reduce the italicized adjective clause to a prepositional phrase: • This is a matter of great importance.

20. Sometimes you can do even better by reducing the adjective clause to a single adjective. • The plane carries a raft that is made of rubber. • The plane carries a rubber raft. • Does the five-word adjective clause say any more than the one-word adjective rubber? (yes, no)

21. Sometimes you can do even better by reducing the adjective clause to a single adjective. • The plane carries a raft that is made of rubber. • The plane carries a rubber raft. • Does the five-word adjective clause say any more than the one-word adjective rubber? (yes, no)

22. This is not a good book for people who are nervous. • Substitute a single adjective for the adjective clause: • This is not a good book for ______ people.

23. This is not a good book for people who are nervous. • Substitute a single adjective for the adjective clause: • This is not a good book for nervous people.

24. Often a single adjective to which we reduce an adjective clause is a present or past participle. • Milk is a necessity for any child that is growing. • Milk is a necessity for any growing child. • In the second sentence the adjective clause has been reduced to a (present, past) participle.

25. Often a single adjective to which we reduce an adjective clause is a present or past participle. • Milk is a necessity for any child that is growing. • Milk is a necessity for any growing child. • In the second sentence the adjective clause has been reduced to a (present, past) participle.

26. Nothing disgusts me more than a child that has been spoiled. • Nothing disgusts me more than a spoiled child. • In the second sentence the adjective clause has been reduced to a (present, past) participle.

27. Nothing disgusts me more than a child that has been spoiled. • Nothing disgusts me more than a spoiled child. • In the second sentence the adjective clause has been reduced to a (present, past) participle.

28. Any adjective clause that identifies someone or something can be reduced to an appositive phrase very simply. • Corn, which was our main crop, did poorly that year. • Corn, our main crop, did poorly that year. • This reduction eliminates two useless words: _____ and ___.

29. Any adjective clause that identifies someone or something can be reduced to an appositive phrase very simply. • Corn, which was our main crop, did poorly that year. • Corn, our main crop, did poorly that year. • This reduction eliminates two useless words: whichand was.

30. The next event, which was a tug of war, was won by the freshmen. • Write in the appositive phrase to which the italicized clause can be reduced: • The next event, _________, was won by the freshmen.

31. The next event, which was a tug of war, was won by the freshmen. • Write in the appositive phrase to which the italicized clause can be reduced: • The next event, a tug of war, was won by the freshmen.

32. Do you remember that a gerund is a noun formed by adding –ing to a verb and that a gerund can be used in any way that a noun is used? • The women raised money by selling books. • Here the gerund phrase selling books is the object of the preposition ___.

33. Do you remember that a gerund is a noun formed by adding –ing to a verb and that a gerund can be used in any way that a noun is used? • The women raised money by selling books. • Here the gerund phrase selling books is the object of the preposition by.

34. An adverb clause can often be reduced to a prepositional phrase with a gerund phrase as the object of the preposition (by, for, on, in, before, after, etc.). • Because we took a short cut, we saved five miles. • By taking a short cut, we saved five miles. • The gerund phrase is the object of the preposition ___.

35. An adverb clause can often be reduced to a prepositional phrase with a gerund phrase as the object of the preposition (by, for, on, in, before, after, etc.). • Because we took a short cut, we saved five miles. • By taking a short cut, we saved five miles. • The gerund phrase is the object of the preposition by.

36. When he saw his final grade, Ron leaped with joy. • Complete the following sentence by supplying a gerund phrase as the object of the preposition on: • On _________________, Ron leaped with joy.

37. When he saw his final grade, Ron leaped with joy. • Complete the following sentence by supplying a gerund phrase as the object of the preposition on: • On seeing his final grade, Ron leaped with joy.

38. You can often frighten away wild animals if you will hit two stones together. • Supply a gerund phrase as the object of the preposition by: • You can often frighten away wild animals by _________________ • _______.

39. You can often frighten away wild animals if you will hit two stones together. • Supply a gerund phrase as the object of the preposition by: • You can often frighten away wild animals by hitting two stones together.

40. Before I joined the club, I attended several meetings. • Supply a gerund phrase as the object of the preposition before: • Before ____________, I attended several meetings.

41. Before I joined the club, I attended several meetings. • Supply a gerund phrase as the object of the preposition before: • Before joining the club, I attended several meetings.

42. Here is an adjective clause, too, that can be reduced in the same way: • We have a plan that would improve bus service. • Supply a gerund phrase as the object of the preposition for: • We have a plan for______________ • __________.

43. Here is an adjective clause, too, that can be reduced in the same way: • We have a plan that would improve the bus service. • Supply a gerund phrase as the object of the preposition for: • We have a plan for improving the bus service.

44. The French class has a new tape recorder on which they listen to their pronunciation. • Change the adjective clause to a prepositional phrase with a gerund: • The French class has a new tape recorder _______to their pronunciation.

45. The French class has a new tape recorder on which they listen to their pronunciation. • Change the adjective clause to a prepositional phrase with a gerund: • The French class has a new tape recorder for listeningto their pronunciation.

46. A prepositional phrase can sometimes be replaced by a single adjective or adverb. • The cashier looked at the check in a suspicious way. • Substitute an adverb for the italicized prepositional phrase: • The cashier looked at the check __________.

47. A prepositional phrase can sometimes be replaced by a single adjective or adverb. • The cashier looked at the check in a suspicious way. • Substitute an adverb for the italicized prepositional phrase: • The cashier looked at the check suspiciously.

48. You can buy a film at the store on the corner. • Substitute an adverb for the italicized prepositional phrase: • You can buy a film at the ______ store.

49. You can buy a film at the store on the corner. • Substitute an adverb for the italicized prepositional phrase: • You can buy a film at the corner store.

50. Write the following answers on your own sheet of paper.