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ABO Blood Grouping

ABO Blood Grouping. Blood Typing. ABO Basics. Blood group antigens are actually sugars attached to the red blood cell. Antigens are “built” onto the red cell. Individuals inherit a gene which codes for specific sugar(s) to be added to the red cell.

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ABO Blood Grouping

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  1. ABO Blood Grouping Blood Typing

  2. ABO Basics • Blood group antigens are actually sugars attached to the red blood cell. • Antigens are “built” onto the red cell. • Individuals inherit a gene which codes for specific sugar(s) to be added to the red cell. • The type of sugar added determines the blood group.

  3. ABO Type Frequencies In U.S.

  4. Landsteiner’s Rule • Individual’s will form immune antibodies to ABO blood group antigens they do not possess. • Critical for understanding compatibility between ABO blood groups.

  5. Inheritance • Blood group antigens are “codominant”, if the gene is inherited, it will be expressed.

  6. Genetics • Two genes inherited, one from each parent. • Individual who is A or B may be homozygous or heterozygous for the antigen. • Heterozygous: AO or BO • Homozygous: AA or BB • Phenotype is the actual expression of the genotype, ie, group A

  7. Example of Determining Genotype • Mom’s phenotype is group A, genotype AO • Dad’s phenotype is group B, genotype BO

  8. Other Examples

  9. Group O • Approximately 45% of the population is group O. • No A or B antigens present, think of as “0” antigens present. • These individuals form potent anti-A and anti-B antibodies which circulate in the blood plasma at all times.

  10. Group A • Approximately 40% of the population is group A. • No B antigens present. • These individuals form potent anti-B antibodies which circulate in the blood plasma at all times.

  11. Group B • Approximately 11% of the population is group B. • No A antigens present. • These individuals form potent anti-A antibodies which circulate in the blood plasma at all times.

  12. Group AB • Approximately 4% of the population is group AB. • Both A and B antigens present. • These individuals possess no ABO antibodies. • NOTE: This slide is in error as it only illustrates presence of one antigen not 2.

  13. Hemolysis • If an individual is transfused with an incompatible blood group destruction of the red blood cells will occur. • This may result in the death of the recipient.

  14. Summary

  15. Rh (D) Antigen • Of next importance is the Rh type. • Rh is a blood group system with many antigens, one of which is D. • Rh refers to the presence or absence of the D antigen on the red blood cell.

  16. Blood Typing • There are 2 components to blood typing: • Test unknown cells with known antibodies • Test unknown serum/plasma with known rbc’s • The patterns are compared and the blood group is determined.

  17. Summary of Slide Typing

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