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Nicholas I, the Decembrists, and Official Nationality Policy

Nicholas I, the Decembrists, and Official Nationality Policy. Alexander I died, 1 December 1825. Elisabeth Alekseyevna, sick Travelled to the south, Taganrog Alexander died of typhus. Successor – unclear: Konstantin or Nicholas. Grand Duke Constantine Pavlovich, 1779-1831.

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Nicholas I, the Decembrists, and Official Nationality Policy

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  1. Nicholas I, the Decembrists, and Official Nationality Policy

  2. Alexander I died, 1 December 1825 • Elisabeth Alekseyevna, sick • Travelled to the south, Taganrog • Alexander died of typhus. • Successor – unclear: • Konstantin or Nicholas

  3. Grand Duke Constantine Pavlovich, 1779-1831 • Catherine raised him with Alexander to rule • Married German Princess, 1796 (she left 1799) • 1818-19 Alexander appointed him de facto viceroy of Congress Kingdom • 1820 married Polish Countess Joanna Grudzinska • 1822: renounced right to throne (kept secret).

  4. Decembrists' Revolt, 14 December 1825 • Northern Society (Prince Trubetskoy): constitutional monarchy, abolish serfdom • Southern Society (Pavel Pestel): republic, land redistribution • Lack of coordination • Loyalty of most of the garrison

  5. Nicholas I, b. 1796, r. 1825-1855 • Raised during reaction to French Revolution • Not raised to rule • Loved military parade • Most consistent tsar • Most closely linked with “Official Nationality.”

  6. Official Nationality Policy, 1833-1855 • Count Sergey Semionovich Uvarov, 1786-1855 • Minister of Education, 1833-1849 • Official Nationality Policy • Orthodoxy (pravoslavie) • Autocracy (samoderzhavie) • Nationality (narodnost’) • Pessimistic • Conservative • Patriarchal

  7. Polish revolt of 1830-1831 • Grand Duke Constantine’s oppressive rule • Warsaw, Nov. 29, 1830: Kadets revolt led by PiotrWysocki • Constantine fled • Revolutionaries took Warsaw • Russia sent large army, 180,000 troops • Poles had about 70,000

  8. Congress Kingdom of Poland, 1815-1865

  9. Nicholas I's reforms • Education: more educated, but more tightly controlled and differed by soslovie (estate). • Third Department: a sort of personal secret police • New law code (M. Speransky) • State peasants’ situation somewhat improved. • But serfdom not abolished.

  10. The rise of the intelligentsia • Slavophiles • Westernizers • Petroshevtsy • Cyril-Methodius Brotherhood (Kiev/Kyiv) • Whence did all this opposition arise? • Nicholas was consistent, but foreign policy reactionary • Educated people had changed • Different people, a proliferation of ideas • Split of educated and the government

  11. 1848: "Springtime of peoples" and revolutions! • France: social/political • Germany: social/national • Frankfurt Parliament • Habsburg Monarchy • Hungary: Louis Kossuth • “Gendarme of Europe” • Nicholas sent troops to help. • Reinforced Nicholas’s conservatism. • Curbed his enthusiasm for nationalism.

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