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The Age of Enlightenment & Revolution (1500 -1900 AD)

The Age of Enlightenment & Revolution (1500 -1900 AD). -The Enlightenment was the period of time where philosophers applied reason and the scientific method to all areas of life -The Age of Reason I. The Political Philosophies A) Thomas Hobbes-humans are nasty &

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The Age of Enlightenment & Revolution (1500 -1900 AD)

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  1. The Age of Enlightenment & Revolution (1500 -1900 AD) -The Enlightenment was the period of time where philosophers applied reason and the scientific method to all areas of life -The Age of Reason I. The Political Philosophies A) Thomas Hobbes-humans are nasty & cruel by nature; must be controlled 1. Believed in Absolute Monarchy 2. Monarch necessary to control humans

  2. THE ENLIGHTENMENT -CONT: -book: The Leviathan -method: social contract B) John Locke - people are reasonable; are capable of governing themselves 1. Monarchs are not chosen by God 2. People have NATURAL rights: a) life b) liberty c) property 3. Book - Two Treatises on Government -justified the overthrow of James II (eng)

  3. THE ENLIGHTENMENT C) Baron de Montesquieu - believed in separation of powers 1. Believed that Britain was the best governed country in his day -misjudged their system as separation of powers 2. Said that each branch of government should have the power to CHECK the other branches:

  4. THE ENLIGHTENMENT -CONT: This led to the United States system of Separation of Powers and Checks & Balances -book: On The Spirit of Laws D) Jean Jacques Rosseau - committed to individual freedom 1. Civilization corrupts people’s freedom 2. People should govern themselves -people are naturally supposed to be free E) Voltaire - criticized religious intolerance - used satire against his opponents

  5. THE ENLIGHTENMENT F) Thomas Jefferson - argued that natural law grants equality to all people 1. Borrowed heavily from John Locke and Jean Jacque Rosseau -argued for natural rights against the abuse of King George III of England 2. Wrote the Declaration of Independence -United States of America - sparked the Revolutionary War (1776)

  6. THE ENLIGHTENMENT II. Scientific Revolution - a new way of thinking about the natural world. -questions of accepted beliefs A) Background: 1. Used translated Muslim (Eastern) texts. 2. During Renaissance, uncovered many classical works - Aristotle 3. Travel to Africa, Americas, & Asia

  7. THE ENLIGHTENMENT B) Scientific Method: a logical procedure for gathering and testing ideas. 1. Observation 2. Hypothesis 3. Testing 4. Results -analysis -developed by Sir Francis Bacon & Rene Descartes

  8. THE ENLIGHTENMENT C) Scientists In the Revolution: 1. Nicholaus Copernicus - (Poland) - formulated the Heliocentric Theory a) planets revolve around the sun -1543 -believed it to be a “circular pattern” b) knew that most scholars and clergy would reject this theory -questioned religious beliefs

  9. THE ENLIGHTENMENT 2. Johannes Kepler - Danish - perfected Copernicus’ ideas -planets travel around the sun in elliptical patterns - 1601 3. Galileo Galilei - Italian -studied Aristotle; disagreed -studied Copernicus; agreed 1.Used the telescope to prove it 2. Forced to recant (Inquisition)

  10. THE ENLIGHTENMENT 4. Sir Isaac Newton - England 1. linked ideas of Galileo and Copernicus 2. found the law of gravity -every object on Earth attracts another object -1687 5. Benjamin Franklin - U.S. -proved that lightning creates electricity

  11. THE ENLIGHTENMENT III. Effects of the Enlightenment A. More Secular Outlook 1) People begin to question accepted beliefs -new discoveries -challenge the church teaching 2) Critics attacked some church beliefs -encouraged acceptance of all religions; Voltaire

  12. THE ENLIGHTENMENT -CONT: B) New Emphasis on the Individual -Science promotes individual thinking a) New Ideas on Government -sparks the Revolutionary War in the United States 1. King George III -levying heavy tax -without colonial reps. In Parliament

  13. THE ENLIGHTENMENT -CONT: *Read Page 157-161: Stamp Act, Boston Tea Party* 2. Declaration of Independence (1776) -cites abuses of colonial rights -according to the Enlightenment beliefs 3. 1781-U.S. wins their independence *1st COLONY TO WIN USING ENLIGHTENMENT IDEAS

  14. THE ENLIGHTENMENT -CONT:-US success creates a nation 4. Constitution of the United States -firmly entrenched in Enlightenment ideals a) Locke - Power to the people b) Montesquieu- Separation of Powers c) Rosseau - Direct Democracy d) Voltaire - Freedom of Speech e) Beccaria - No torture

  15. THE ENLIGHTENMENT -CONT: b) Other Revolutions - Many other nations follow American lead: 1. Haiti - Toussaint L’Overture 2. Venezuela - Simon Bolivar 3. Argentina - Jose De San Martin 4. Mexico - Miguel Hidalgo & Jose Morales - revolts led by Creoles -descendants of settlers

  16. THE ENLIGHTENMENT - CONT: - many Creoles were wealthy 1) educated in Europe 2) exposed to Enlightenment thought -they ousted the Penninsulares -officials sent over from Spain to rule in place of the king 5. THE FRENCH REVOLUTION

  17. Additional Terms the Enlightenment • Physiocrats - “Philoshper King” • Utilitarianism • Cosmopolitanism • Salon • Immanuel Kant • John Wesley • Methodism • Pietism • General Will

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