Maurizio Ambrosini, University of Milan, editor of the journal “Mondi migranti”

1. The politicalregulationofimmigration: the issueofirregularmigrations Maurizio Ambrosini, University of Milan, editor of the journal “Mondi migranti”

2. A recent issue • Immigration policies have increased in their importance in the political agenda, in Europe and elsewhere • The issue of irregular migrations is quite recent: it has acquired salience only in the ‘70, in relation with the political choice to close the borders against economic immigrants • Only in the ‘90 provisions have become more stringent (technologies of identification, exclusion from welfare rights), and after 2001 security goals have been meshed with immigration control

3. The general trend • The general trend in Europe and in the Global North is towards more closure: voters seem to demand more restrictions on further admissions of migrants, rights, and tolerance towards diversity • New political parties have gained ground, with big success in several countries, emphasizing opposition to immigrants and cultural diversity • In US now a debate on regularization of about 11 millions of irregular immigrants is open

4. The puzzle ofirregularity • Itisnotclearwhatisirregularimmigration and whoisanirregularimmigrant • Irregularity in the accessto a country or in the residence in the country (mostofirregularimmigrantsenter in a regular way, astourists, students, pilgrims, asylumseekers, sportspersons…) • Irregularity in residence, in work, in documentation • Difficulty (and costs) in handling the conditionofirregularresidents, in implementingdeportations, in punishing the employers

5. Fourvisionsofirregularmigrants • The main vision: irregularmigrantsasvilains(B.Anderson) • The opposite vision: irregularmigrantsasvictims • An alternative: the heroesof the globalizationfrombelow • An other vision: undocumentedmigrantsasactorsstrugglingfor a better life, embedded in networks, sponsoredby native families and solidarityinstitutions

6. Irregular condition as a passage • In  the period 1996-2008 in the European Union about 5-6 million of migrants (ICMPD 2009) have passed from an irregular status into a regular one. • Among 27 EU countries, 22 have adopted some measures of regularization. • Southern Europe is at the forefront • The enlargement of EU to Eastern Europe has been a non declared measure of regularisation • The official policy has hardened, but actual policies are not so rigid: a distance between rhetoric and practice • The irregular condition, so becomes a temporary and changeable status for many migrants.

7. The causesofirregularmigrations • Labour market demands • Othervestedinterests (turism, internationaltrade, cultural exchanges, etc.) • Liberalconstraint: the “embeddedliberalism” and humanrights • Normative production ofillegality (e.g.: family reunions) • Migrantsagency: the actionof the networks • Lackofressources, inefficiencyof the repressive system

8. Rethoric and reality of the repressionofirregularimmigration • Italy is the EU country that has granted the highest number of regularizations, through seven amnesties in 25 years, and other forms of hidden regularization • in the last decade 1,5 millions of migrants were regularized, and many other migrants have been regularized by the decree-flows. • In 2009-2010, against an estimate of about 500,000 undocumented immigrants, expulsions have been less than 14,000, namely less than 3%. • Places available in the Identification and Expulsion Centres are around 2,000 in all the country, and the actual rate of inmates’ expulsions in 2010 was bout 40%

9. The Italian case: irregular immigration and invisible welfare • In Italy, as in other countries, a huge number of immigrants are employed as domestic workers, baby-sitters or carers of the elderly in Italian families (officially 700-800,000, in reality probably more than one million) • The families, as employers, have been the main actors of the regularization process • When it comes to women engaged in household chores and care, the unwritten rule is almost that of a generalized tolerance. • One could say that they are not politically treated, nor socially perceived as illegal immigrants

10. Ressourcesforsurviving in the home care sector (1) • Networks • Work • The assertion of social utility • Involvement in familiar relationships • Support from the solidarity institutions

11. Ressourcesforsurviving in the home care sector (2) • Access to some public services • Lack of effectiveness of the repressive apparatusand expectation to acquire a legal status • Love ties and marriage alliances • Caring and frontiering • Reverse remittances: the support from the left behind families

12. The irregularconditionas a pathway - The arrival and inclusion, supported by networks - The phase of survival in the shadow, where central is the relationship with the Italian families their work for, - The emergence stage, during the periodical campaigns of regularization, - the eventual release from live-in jobs and, in case, the reunification of the family

13. The “threehands” of the receivingStates: 1) they create the conditionsfor the demand: subcontracting, flexibilization, reductionof welfare provisions, etc.; 2) theydeclaretowantto stop illegalimmigration; 3) theyregularizeundocumentedmigrants (specially in the care sector) The irregularconditionas a dynamic social construction, wheredifferentactors and structuralforces are involved. See: M.Ambrosini, Irregularmigration and invisible welfare, Palgrave-MacMillan 2013; or: M.Ambrosini, Immigrazione irregolare e welfare invisibile. iI lavoro di cura attraverso le frontiere, Bologna, Il Mulino 2013