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History 210: Human Migration and the Agricultural Revolution

History 210: Human Migration and the Agricultural Revolution. Three BIG phases of human history, from 250,000 y.a. Paleolithic Age, c. 250,000 y.a. to 12,000 y.a. (95%): Gathering, Hunting, Tool Development, Migration Neolithic Age, 12,000 y.a. to c. 1750:

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History 210: Human Migration and the Agricultural Revolution

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  1. History 210: Human Migration and the Agricultural Revolution

  2. Three BIG phases of human history, from 250,000 y.a. • Paleolithic Age, c. 250,000 y.a. to 12,000 y.a. (95%): • Gathering, Hunting, Tool Development, Migration • Neolithic Age, 12,000 y.a. to c. 1750: • Agricultural Development, Domestication of plants and animals, rise of large cities, states, empires, war, increasing trade, pandemics • Industrial Age, 1750 to present: • Industrialization, urbanization, increasing life expectancy, massive increases in production, environmental impact, global warming

  3. I. Out of Africa: First Migrations A. Into Eurasia 1. Migrations: 45,000–20,000 years ago 2. New hunting tools 3. Cave paintings 4. Venus figurines B. Into Australia 1. Migrations by boats as early as 60,000 years ago 2. Dreamtime

  4. I. Out of Africa to the Ends of the Earth: First Migrations C. Into the Americas 1. Bering Strait migrations: 30,000–15,000 years ago • Lots of debate, When? How? How many migrations? • Chile by 12,500 y.a. 2. Clovis culture (from 11,600 y.a.) 3. Large animal extinctions 4. Diversification of lifestyles

  5. Clovis pointsfrom the Rummells-Maske Site, Cedar County, Iowa

  6. I. Out of Africa to the Ends of the Earth: First Migrations D. Into the Pacific • Waterborne migrations: 3,500–1,000 y.a. • Austronesian languages • Related to Chinese languages • Most geographically widespread • Intentional colonization of new lands • Brought plants, animals, women • Human environmental impacts • Moa bird of New Zealand vanished

  7. II. The Ways We Were A. The First Human Societies Small populations with low density (25-50) Low population density Slow rate of population growth Relatively egalitarian societies Widespread violence B. Economy and the Environment 1. The “original affluent society?” (Low expectations?) 2. Altering the environment C. The realm of the Spirit 1. Ceremonial space 2. Cyclical view of time

  8. II. The Ways We Were D. Settling Down: The Great Transition New tools and collecting wild grains Climate change (end of last Ice Age, 16-10,000 y.a.); general global warming Permanent communities Göbekli Tepe: “The First Temple” (11,600 y.a.) Settlements make greater demands on environment

  9. Göbekli Tepe, 11,600 y.a.

  10. III. Breakthrough to Agriculture from 12,000 y.a. A. Common Patterns 1. Separate, independent, and almost simultaneous 2. Climate change (end of Ice Age): megafaunal extinctions (hunters and weather) better growing climate 3. Gender patterns 4. A response to population growth (combined with settling down).

  11. III. Breakthrough to Agriculture B. Variations 1. Local plants and animals determined path to agriculture 2. Fertile Crescent first with a quick, 500-year transition 3. Multiple sites in Africa 4. Potatoes and maize but few animals in the Americas

  12. IV. The Globalization of Agriculture A. Triumph and Resistance 1. Diffusion and migration 2. Resistance 3. End of old ways of life

  13. IV. The Globalization of Agriculture B. The Culture of Agriculture 1. Dramatic population increase: 10,000 y.a.: 6,000,000 people in the world 5000 y.a.: 50,000,000 people 2000 y.a.: 250,000,000 2. Increased human impact on the environment 3. Negative health impacts: shorter lives, shorter people, tooth decay, anemia, malnutrition (too much reliance on too few foods: famine and drought) 4. Technological innovations: pottery, jewelry, weaponry, and tool-making (e.g. Bampo, China) 5. 5400-4000 BCE: Alcohol!: Mesopotamians regarded beer as a symbol of civilization.

  14. V. Social Variation in the Age of Agriculture A. Pastoral Societies 1. Environmental factors: tundra, deserts, grasslands not great for planting grains, but good for animal husbandry. 2. Milk, meat, and blood 3. Mobility 4. Conflict with settled communities B. Agriculture Village Societies 1. Social equality 2. Gender equity 3. Kinship ties and role of elders

  15. V. Social Variation in the Age of Agriculture C. Chiefdoms Not force but gifts, rituals, and charisma Religious and secular authority Collection and redistribution of tribute Division of jobs Earliest: Mesopotamia, 6000 BCE

  16. Jiahu, 7000-5800 BCE • Yellow River Valley • Grew millet and rice • Oldest pottery • Earliest evidence of alcohol, fermented from rice, honey, and hawthorn • (First wine was from Georgia, 6000 BCE) Heptatonic flute, made from crane’s wing

  17. VI. Reflections “Progress?”: was life getting better? Paleolithic values Objectivity: historians should neither romanticize nor condemn.

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