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World War I

World War I. In 1914, Europe was a powder keg…. Europe was an armed camp France vs. Germany Austro Hungary vs. Russians Principles of industrialization applied to war Massive armies Railroad networks (mobilization) Factories for weapons. Militarism Large standing armies

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World War I

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  1. World War I

  2. In 1914, Europe was a powder keg… • Europe was an armed camp • France vs. Germany • Austro Hungary vs. Russians • Principles of industrialization applied to war • Massive armies • Railroad networks (mobilization) • Factories for weapons

  3. Militarism Large standing armies Arms race (ex. battleships) Quick mobilization Alliances “Triple Entente” Great Britain, France, Russia Triple Alliance Germany, Austro Hungary, Ottoman Empire Long Range Causes of WWI

  4. Long Range Causes of WWI • Imperialism • Quest for colonies brought conflict • Ex: Berlin Conference / Africa • Nationalism • Intense love of country • Created competition • National rivalries developed over territory (Russia vs. Austro Hungary; Germany v. France)

  5. Short Term Cause of WWI • Assassination of Archduke Ferdinand • Heir to Austro-Hungary throne • GavriloPrincip (Black Hand) • AH: declared war on Serbs • Russia declared war on AH • Chain reaction of war declarations, due to alliances • Map to show beginning of war

  6. “The German Right Hook” • Germans strike first • Schlieffen Plan (1905) • Plan to avoid a 2 front war • 90% of German army = attack through Belgium • 5% hold Russian border • 5% defend French border • Later changes to plan • Driven by Nationalism • Weakened R. hook • Strengthened defenses

  7. Schlieffen Plan, in Action • Schlieffen plan failed • French mobilized too quickly! • Right hook slowed down by British, in Belgium; too weak to finish beyond Paris • German defenders of A-L too strong

  8. War in Europe – the West • Triple Entente = French and British • Triple Alliance = Germans • Trench Warfare • 300 mile long system of defensive ditches dug from Swiss border to North Sea

  9. “Over the Top” The Myth The Reality

  10. “No Man’s Land”

  11. Machine Guns • Water cooled, to avoid overheating • Interlocking fields of fire • MG gunner responsible for 60 • degree arc in front of their • position • Where multiple MGs “fields of • fire” overlap, referred to as a • “kill zone”

  12. Poison Gas • Caustic agent that blistered external tissue or damaged internal • organs • Many more injuries than deaths, from poison gas • Needed gas mask for protection from gas attacks

  13. Poison Gas Country Fatal Non-fatal Russia 50,000 400,000 Germany 10,000 190,000 France 8,000 182,000 United Kingdom 8,000 181,000 Austria-Hungary 3,000 97,000 USA 1,500 71,500 Italy 4,500 55,000 Totals 85,000 1,176,500

  14. Barbed Wire

  15. Barbed Wire

  16. Artillery • One of the most deadly • weapon systems of WWI • Shells up to 1500 lbs, 5 • feet tall • Types of shells fired • High explosive • Armor piercing (to • attack trench • systems) • Gas

  17. Trench foot

  18. Trench foot

  19. In the East • Main combatants • Triple Entente = Russia • Triple Alliance = Austrians (& Germans) • Few trenches; instead, a war of maneuver

  20. WWI in SW Asia • Main Combatants • Triple Entente = Britain and it’s empire (ANZAC) • Triple Alliance = Ottoman Empire • Allied goal was a “Third Front” to drain German / Austrian troops from other theaters

  21. Unsuccessful: Gallipoli • Assault on the Dardanelles, by British and ANZAC troops • Slaughter, on both sides • About 250k casualties on each side (stalemated)

  22. Successful: Lawrence of Arabia • British officer who welded Arabians into army against Turks • Hit and run raids on horses, camels • Eventually took most of SW Asia for the British

  23. 1917-18: End of WWI • In East, Russian Communist Revolution in October 1917 took Russians out of war • Freed up 100,000s of German troops for Western Front • Russian Soviets made peace w/ Germans in 1918

  24. End of WWI, Western Front • American Entered war, 1917 • Americans entered war just as British, French troops reached breaking point • Fresh soldiers, equipment critical to Triple Entente’s success

  25. End of WWI, Western Front • Germans attempted to win it all at the Somme • After initial success, offensive ground to a halt • Germans set up for big losses after overextending army

  26. Collapse of Central Powers • Bulgarians signed armistice (peace treaty) first, in 9/18 • Ottomans surrendered 10/30/18 • Austrians knocked out on 11/3/18 • German state underwent revolution, overthrowing Kaiser, and became republic on 11/9/18

  27. Collapse of Central Powers • On 11-11-18, at 11 am, Germany signed armistice to end fighting • Armistice signed in railroad car in France • Peace treaty signed in Versailles in July, 1919

  28. Casualties of Triple Entente

  29. Treaty of Versailles • Required Germany to pay massive war reparations to allies • Germany couldn’t pay, so borrowed $ from USA • German economy collapsed (hyper inflation) as the DM became worthless • Treaty blamed Germans for the war (“War Guilt Clause”)

  30. Treaty of Versailles • Treaty caused bitter feelings in Germany • “Stabbed in the back” theory: no foreign troops on German soil! • Nationalist parties came to power in Weimar Republic • Example: National Socialist Workers Party, aka Nazis

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