Science ~ chapter 9 climate

1. Science ~ chapter 9climate Miss Nelson

2. Section 3 Climate Regions

3. Anticipatory set What are the three world temperature zones?

4. standards S 6.4.e – Students know differences in pressure, heat, air movement, and humidity result in change in weather

5. The big idea What factors are used to classify climates? What are the six main climate regions?

6. Key terms • Steppe • Chaparral • Humid subtropical • Subarctic • permafrost

7. Climate regions Scientists classify climates according to two major factors: • Temperature • Precipitation

8. Climate regions There are six main climate regions: • Tropical rainy • Dry • Temperate marine • Temperate continental • Polar • Highlands

9. Tropical rainy climates The tropics have two types of rainy climates: • Tropical wet • Tropical wet-and-dry

10. Tropical wet climates • Are found in low-lying lands near the equator • Many days are rainy, often with afternoon thunderstorms • Thunderstorms triggered by mid-day heating • In many areas with a tropical-wet climate the trade winds bring moisture from the oceans

11. Tropical wet climates • With year round heat and heavy rainfall, vegetation grows lush and green • Dense rain forests grow in these climates • In the United States, only the windward sides of Hawaiian islands have a tropical wet climate

12. Tropical wet-and-dry climates • Areas that have tropical wet-and-dry climates receive slightly less rain than tropical climates • Have distinct dry and rainy seasons • Instead of rainforests, tropical grasslands called savannas grow • In the United States only the southern tip of Florida has a tropical wet-and-dry climate

13. Tropical rainy climates Read Tropical Rainy Climates on page 363 of your textbook

14. Dry climates • A climate is dry if the amount of precipitation that falls is less than the amount of water that could potentially evaporate • It does NOT mean that it doesn’t ever rain…

15. Dry climates Dry climates include arid and semiarid climates

16. Dry climates • Dry regions often lie inland • Far from the oceans that are the source of humid air masses

17. Arid climates • Also known as deserts • On average, arid regions receive less than 25 cm of rain per year • Only specializes plants and animals can survive • Much of California’s southeast, including Death Valley and the Mojave Desert, has an arid climate

18. Semiarid climates • Semiarid regions are usually located on the edges of deserts • These semiarid area are called steppes • May also be called a prairie or a grassland • The Great Plains are the major steppe region of the United States • Portions of southeastern California are considered semiarid

19. Dry climates Read Dry Climates on page 366 of your textbook

20. Temperate marine climates There are three types of temperate marine climates: • Marine west coast • Mediterranean • Humid subtropical

21. Temperate marine climates • Because of the moderating influence of oceans, all three temperate marine climates are humid and have mild winters

22. Marine west coast • The coolest temperate marine climates are found on the west coasts of continents north of 40 degrees north latitude and south of 40 degrees south latitude • Humid ocean air brings mild, rainy winters • Summer precipitation can greatly vary

23. Marine west coast • In North America, the marine west coast climate extends from northern California to southern Alaska • Because of heavy precipitation, think forests of tall trees grow in this region • One of the major industries of this region is harvesting and processing wood for lumber, paper, and furniture

24. Mediterranean • A coastal climate that is drier and warmer than west coast marine is known as Mediterranean • Most areas with this climate are found around the Mediterranean Sea • In the United States, much of coastal California has a Mediterranean climate • Mild, with two seasons • Winter – marine air masses bring cool, rainy weather • Summer – somewhat warmer, with little rain

25. Mediterranean climates • Mediterranean climates have two main vegetation types: • Chaparral (dense shrubs and small tress) • Grasses with a few large trees

26. Humid subtropical • The warmest temperate marine climates are along the edges of the tropics • Humid subtropical climates are wet and warm • Not as constantly hot as the tropics • The southeastern United States has a humid subtropical climate • Summers are hot, with more rainfall than winters • Winters are cool to mild, with more rain than snow

27. Temperate marine climates Read Temperate Marine Climates on pages 367-368 of your textbook

28. Temperate continental climates • Are not influences very much by oceans • Have extremes of temperature

29. Temperate continental climates Temperate continental climates are only found on continents in the Northern Hemisphere Include: • Continental • Subartic

30. Humid continental • Shifting tropical and polar air masses bring constantly changing weather to humid continental climates • Winter – continental polar air masses move south, bringing bitterly cold weather • Summer – tropical air masses move north, bringing heat and humidity • The northeastern region of the United States, as well as the Midwest, have humid continental climates

31. Subarctic climate • Subarctic climates lie north of the humid continental climates • Summers in the subarctic are short and cool • Winters are long and bitterly cold

32. Temperate continental climates Read Temperate Continental Climates on page 369 in your textbook

33. Polar climates The polar climate is the coldest climate region, and includes the ice cap and tundra climates.

34. Polar climates • Ice cap and tundra climates are found only in the far north and south, near the North and South poles • Most polar climates are relatively dry • Cold air holds little moisture

35. Ice cap climate • Found mainly on Greenland and Antarctica • Average temperatures always at or below freezing • The land in this region is always covered with ice and snow • Intense cold makes the air dry • Lichens and a few low plants may grow on the rocks

36. Tundra climate • Stretches across northern Alaska, Canada, and Russia • Short, cool summers • Bitter, cold winters • Some layers of the tundra are always frozen • Permanently frozen soil is called permafrost • Water cannot drain away, so the soil is wet and boggy in summer

37. Tundra climate • It is too cold in the tundra for trees to grow • During the short summers the tundra is filled with life • Mosquitos and other insects • Mosses, grasses, lichens • Caribou • birds

38. Polar climates Read Polar Climates on page 370 of your textbook

39. highlands Temperature falls as altitude increases, so highland regions are colder than the regions that surround them

40. highlands • Increasing altitude produces climate changes you would expect with increasing latitude • Precipitation also increase as air masses carrying moisture pass over highland area • Climate on the lower slopes of a mountain range is like that of the surrounding countryside

41. highlands • As you go higher up the mountains, temperature becomes lower and precipitation increases • Climate higher on the mountain is like that of the subarctic • Above a certain elevation, called the tree line, temperatures are too low for trees to grow • Climate above the tree line is like that of the tundra • Only low plants, mosses, and lichens can grow there

42. highlands Read Highlands on page 371 of your textbook Review the world map on pages 364-365 of your textbook

43. Check for understanding What two major factors do scientists use to classify climates? What are the six main climate regions?

44. Check for understanding What two major factors do scientists use to classify climates? Scientists classify climates according to the two major factors of temperature and precipitation. What are the six main climate regions? The six main climate regions are tropical rainy, dry, temperate marine, temperate continental, polar and highlands

45. Modeling / guided / independent Complete the Modeling, Guided Practice, and Independent Practice Sections of your Climate 9-3 Worksheet.