Major: Bring air in and out

1. BIOL 2030 Human Anatomy & Physiology II What are the functions of the respiratory system? • Major: • Bring air in and out ________________:The mechanical process of moving air in and out • Allow gas exchange CO2O2N2Others ________________:4 steps… 1) 2) 3) 4) Minor: ____________________

2. Upper Respiratory Tract Lower Respiratory Tract How do we get there from here (anatomy)? * * * * * * * * *

3. How does your nose contribute?

4. How does your nose contribute? _______________empty into nasal cavity Nasal cavitylined with _____________ ___________

5. How does your nose contribute? _____________:a vertical wall separating right and left halves of nasal cavity Comprised of cartilage and bone ______________

6. How does your nose contribute? ___________ Cavities or spaces in bones of skull, empty into the nasal cavity. _________ inflammation of membranes lining sinus cavities

7. What are the respiratory functions of the oral cavity? __________ _________ for air and exit for _____________ Separated from nasal cavity by a horizontal wall the _________ ____________

8. Eustachiantubes What are the regions of the pharynx? 3 regions of the pharynx: Eustachian (audio) tubes open into nasopharynx ______________internal nares to soft palate ______________soft palate to hyoid bone ______________hyoid bone to esophagus

9. What are the functions of the larynx? Comprised of several cartilages… Know:*** Functions to _____________ to trachea and to _____________ Tracheotomy or Cricothyrotomy

10. What are the functions of the larynx? LaryngealEndoscopy

11. ? ? ? ? What type of section is this? Midsagittal

12. How does the form of the trachea relate to the function? • TracheaComprised of: • ________________ • ________________ • _______________ Why? • ________________pseudostratified ciliated epithelium

13. What is the tracheobronchial tree? Bronchoscopy Trachea branches forming 2 ______________ These branch to form __________ _________ These branch to form __________ _________

14. If you inhale a penny where should you look for it? The last cartilage of the trachea is the _______ w/c has 2 openings When something is aspirated it causes ___________ until past the carina Which lung do objects usually end up in?

15. What marks the transition to respiratory zone? • ____________ ___________ • Lack ________ _________ • _____________ epithelium • ___________ allow recoil • _____________ • small sacs • squamous epithelium = ________________

16. Are both lungs identical? 2 lungs ___________larger and 3 lobes ___________smaller and 2 lobes Each has an: ________= superior tip ________= entrance of bronchi, vessels ________= all the structures entering/exiting the hilum

17. Why is a “sucking chest wound” so serious? The lungs are surrounded by serous membranes collectively called…_________ 2 types:

18. ? ? ? ? ? What type of section? Transverse

19. What type of blood supply do the lungs have? 2 major routes of circulation: ________________Arteries and veins Oxygenated or not? ___________________Bronchial arteries and veins Oxygenated or not?

20. General Gas Law: • ___________ • ___________ • Pleural pressureand ____________ • _________ _________ = volume change necessary to generate pressure How do we ventilate (physics)?

21. How can we measure lung fitness? ____________________ = volume during normal inspiration or expiration ____________________= forceful inspiration after tidal inspiration ____________________ = forceful expiration after tidal expiration ____________________ = air still remaining after forceful expiration ________________ = sum of tidal, and both reserves ________________ = sum of all volumes

22. How can we measure lung fitness (pulmonary volumes)?

23. How do we respire? Diffusion acrossmembranes... • Membrane includes _____, ___________, _________________, ________________, ______________ and ________________

24. How do we respire? Dalton’s Law… Partial Pressure of gases:The pressure each gas in a mixture of gases contributes to the ______________. 760mmHg (1ATM) mixed =

25. Soda water! What factors affect hemoglobin O2 saturation? • Partial Pressure of O2PO2at lungs ~ 104mmHg… usually ~____________ • PO2 at tissues ~ 40mmHg… usually ~ ____________ • pH: H+ cause “globins” to change shape… ____________ >pH = _________________ <pH = _________________

26. Oxygen/Hemoglobin dissociation at rest...

27. Soda water! What factors affect hemoglobin O2 saturation? • Partial Pressure of CO2also affects because of CO2 becoming H2CO3 >PCO2 = ______________ • Temperature: >temp = ________ • ______ produced by erythrocytes as they metabolize glucosebinds to hemoglobin… ________________

28. Oxygen/Hemoglobin dissociation shifting the curve...

29. What factors involved with CO2 transportation? ________________: Hemoglobin with bound O2 has less affinity for CO2 and vice versa. ________________: Cl- ions are exchanged for HCO3- ions, in the tissue capillaries and pulmonary capillaries respectively.

30. What effects does CO2 have on respiratory rate? How does this relate to snorkeling?

31. How is breathing rate regulated? _______________: Clusters of neurons in the ___________ ___________ and related neurons in the _______ regulate the contraction of muscles associated with ______________. _______________: Central chemorecptors in medulla oblongata and peripheral in aorta/carotid arteries Others:

32. What is the big picture? *Air moves into respiratory tract via… *Gases are exchanged across the respiratory membrane…How?Where?Why? *O2 in the blood is transported via…Why does it bind in lungs and release in tissues?What affects its transport (saturation)? *CO2 is transported via…Why does it leave the cells (tissues) and enter the blood?Why does it leave the blood and enter the lungs? *Air moves out of the respiratory tract via...

33. What diseases affect the respiratory system? • Emphysema • Cystic fibrosis • Lung CA • Strep throat • Common Cold • Whooping cough • Pneumonia • Flu • Pneumothorax