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Prenatal Period to 1 year

Prenatal Period to 1 year. Chapter 6 . What are the two main factors that influence growth and development?. Stress and Family Environment and Stress Environment and Heredity Heredity and Gender. Heredity: Zygote formation. Sperm & ovum 23 chromosomes  Zygote Gender

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Prenatal Period to 1 year

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  1. Prenatal Period to 1 year Chapter 6

  2. What are the two main factors that influence growth and development? • Stress and Family • Environment and Stress • Environment and Heredity • Heredity and Gender

  3. Heredity: Zygote formation • Sperm & ovum • 23 chromosomes  • Zygote • Gender • X & Y Chromosomes • Ovum • Always X • Sperm • X or Y

  4. Dominant & Recessive Genes Dominant Recessive Traits only appear if they exist in pairs • Capable of expressing traits over other genes

  5. Recessive disorders • >700 recessive gene diseases • Sickle-cell disease • Tay-Sachs disease • Hemophilia

  6. Environment • “From the moment life begins, the environment begins to exercise its influence on the newly formed entity.”

  7. For you personally, when does life begin? • Conception • Implantation • When there is a heart beat • When the fetus is viable if it was born • When the baby is born

  8. Healthy Pregnancy • Rest • Exercise • Continue

  9. What is the best form of exercise for a pregnant women? • Bicycling • Walking • Swimming • Jogging • Kick-boxing

  10. Teratogens • Tobacco • Low birth rates • Growth restrictions

  11. Teratogens • Alcohol • *1st trimester • Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) • Miscarriages • Growth restriction • CNS damage

  12. Teratogens • Bacteria, protozoan, viruses • Rubella • Toxoplasmosis • Parasite • Eat well-cooked meat

  13. Ova to Fetus • Ovaries • Ova (pl) • Ovum (sing) • Ovulation • Sperm • Conception/ Fertilization • Zygote • Implantation • Embryo • Fetus

  14. What is the estimated length of human pregnancy? • 28 weeks • 38 weeks • 40 weeks • 42 weeks • 48 weeks

  15. Stages of Labor & Delivery • Stage 1 • Dilation • Dilation • Effacement • Stage 2 • Expulsion • After-brith • placenta

  16. Fetal membranes • Amniotic sac • Amniotic fluid • Placenta • Umbilical cord • 2 arteries • 1 vein

  17. Neonate • 1st breath • Apgar score • 1 minute • 5 minutes

  18. APGAR • Activity • Pulse • Grimace • Appearance • Respiration • activity and muscle tone • pulse • grimace response / reflex irritability") • Appearance / skin coloration • respiration

  19. What is the highest score a neonate can get on a Apgar score? • 2 • 3 • 10 • 12 • 15

  20. Head & Skull • Head ¼ of total body length • Ave circumference • 13-14 inch • 33-35.5 cm • 1 inch > chest

  21. Skull • 6 bones • 1 occipital • 1 frontal • 2 parietal • 2 temporal • Separated by cartilage • Sutures • Fontanels • Anterior • Posterior

  22. Which fontanel is smaller? • Anterior • Posterior

  23. When does the posterior fontanel “close” by? • 2 months • 4 months • 6 months • 8 months • 12 months or more

  24. When does the anterior fontanel usually “close” by? • 6 months • 12 months • 18 months • 2 years • 3 years

  25. What is the normal lengths of a full-term neonate? • 12 inches • 18 inches • 20 inches • 24 inches • 36 inches

  26. How much does a normal infant grow in the first year? • ½ inch a month • 1 inch a month • 1 ½ inch a month • 2 inch a month • 2 ½ inch a month

  27. Normal Physiological Weigh Loss. How much weight on average does a neonate loss in the first few days of life? • 5-10 % of birth weight • 15-20% of birth weight • 25 – 30% of birth weight • There is no such thing as normal physiological weight loss in a neonate

  28. Skin • Thin & pale • Acrocyanosis • Pigmentation

  29. Mongolian Spot • Usually fads by… • Age 4 years • 6 month old

  30. Lanugo

  31. VernixCascosa

  32. Milia

  33. Physiological Jaundice

  34. Genitals • Breasts • Swollen

  35. Genitals • Scrotum • Lg & edematous

  36. What is the medical term for undescended testicles? • No – this is not multiple choice! Turn to your neighbor and tell them the answer.

  37. Cryptorchidism • Undescended testicle/s

  38. Cryptorchidism • The testes develop in the abdominal cavity in early fetal life. By 14 to 17 weeks of intrauterine life they migrate to an opening in the body wall known as the inguinal canal. After 28 weeks they pass through the canal and by 35 to 40 weeks reach the scrotum.

  39. Undescended testicles are fairly common in premature infants. They occur in about 3 - 4% of full-term infants. In most cases the testicles descend by the time the child is 9 months old.

  40. Increased risk of • Testicular cancer • Infertility

  41. Genital • Urethra • Circumcisions

  42. Pseudomenstruation • Blood-tinged vaginal discharge

  43. Face • Eyes swollen

  44. Eye treatment • Erythromycin • Silver nitrate

  45. When do baby teeth start to come in? • 2 months • 4 months • 6 months • 8 months • 12 months Deciduous teeth

  46. Which teeth normally erupt first? • Two lower central incisors • Two upper central incisors • Two lower lateral incisors • Two upper lateral incisors

  47. By age 12 months the baby will have 6-8 teeth

  48. Abdomen • Neonate • Lg and flabby • Umbilical cord • Cut • Clamped • Falls off • No tub bathing until…

  49. Abdomen • Digestion • Simple carbs • Stomach can hole • Neonate • 1-3 oz • 12 months • 10 – 12 oz

  50. Why do you have to “burp” the neonate? • Cardiac sphincter

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