CELLs

1. CELLs By Sangarun sangarchat Sangarun_sa@hotmail.com

2. This meanof cells: The cell is one of the most basic units of lifeThere are millions of different types of cells.  There are cells that are organisms onto themselves, such as microscopic amoeba and bacteria cells.

3. Anatomy of cells There are two types of cells: eukaryotic and prokaryotic. Prokaryotic cells are usually independent, while eukaryotic cells are often found in multicellular organisms.

4. And there are cells that only function when part of a larger organism, such as the cells that make up your body. The cell is the smallest unit of life in our bodies.  In the body, there are brain cells, skin cells, liver cells, stomach cells, and the list goes on.  All of these cells have unique functions and features.

6. Prokaryotic cells Eukaryoticcells

8. Procaryotic Procaryotic: These cells are simplein structure, with no recognizable organelles. They have an outer cell wall that gives them shape. Just under the rigid cell wall is the more fluid cell membrane. The cytoplasm enclosed within the cell membrane does not exhibit much structure when viewed by electron microscopy

9. Eukaryotic Eucaryotic: The cells of protozoa, higher plants and animals are highly structured. These cells tend to be larger than the cells of bacteria, and have developed specialized packaging and transport mechanisms that may be necessary to support their larger size.

10. Eukaryotic Cell

11. Table 1: Comparison of features of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

13. unicellular amoeba euglena parameciun

14. AmoebaFree-living protozoan groups that inhabit soils and natural waters are extremely diverse, not only in their structure but also in the manner in which they feed, reproduce, and move. amoeba

15. Euglena is a genus of unicellularprotists. Currently, over 1,000 species of Euglena have been described. There are many to be discovered. Marin et al. (2003) revised the genus to include several species without chloroplasts. It can photosynthesis. Euglena

16. Cyanobacteria Cyanobacteria as blue-green algaeis phylum of bacterare aquatic and photosynthetic, that is, they live in the water, and can manufacture their own food. Because they are bacteria, they are quite small and usually unicellular, blue-green algae

17. though they often grow in colonies large enough to see. They have the distinction of being the oldest known fossils, more than 3.5 billion years old, in fact! It may surprise you then to know that the cyanobacteria are still around; they are one of the largest and most important groups of bacteria on earth.

18. Paramecium Paramecium is a group of unicellularciliateprotozoa, which are commonly studied as a representative of the ciliate group, and range from about 50 to 350 μm in length. Simple cilia cover the body, which allow the cell to move with a synchronous motion.

21. Animal Cell Structure

22. Cell Structure

23. Unit MembraneTypical Structure - composed of protein and lipid(fat) molecules

24. Cell Membrane Structure - same as unit membrane. Function -acts as a boundary layer to contain the cytoplasm (fluid in cell) - interlocking surfaces bind cells together - selectively permeable to select chemicals that pass in andout of cells

25. Cell Wall Cell WallStructure- a non-living secretion of the cell membrane, composed of     cellulose- cellulose fibrils deposited in alternating layers for strength- contains pits (openings) that make it totally permeable

26. Functionof cell wall - provides protection from physical injury

27. Chloroplast ChloroplastStructure- composed of a double layer of modified membrane (protein,     chlorophyll, lipid)- inner membrane invaginates to form layers called "grana"(sing., granum) where chlorophyll is concentrated

28. Centriole CentrioleStructure - nine triplets of microtubules form one centriole- two centrioles form one centrosome Function - forms spindle fibres to separate chromosomes during cell division

29. Vacuole VacuoleStructure- a single layer of unit membrane enclosing fluid in     a sack Function   - produces turgor pressure against cell wall for support   - stores water and various chemicals   - may store insoluble wastes

30. Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)Structure - sheets of unit membrane with ribosomes on theoutside- forms a tubular network throughout the cell

31. Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) Function - transports chemicals between cells and within cells- provides a large surface area for the organizationof chemical reactions and synthesis Some Endoplasmic Reticulum have not Ribosomeon the outside. It’sfunction are synthesis steroid and detoxification of poisons

32. Ribosome RibosomeStructure - non-membraneous, spherical bodies composed ofRNA (ribonucleic acid) and protein enzymes Function - site of protein synthesis

33. Golgi Apparatus Golgi ApparatusStructure - stacks of flattened sacs of unit membrane (cisternae)- vesicles pinch off the dges Function - modifies chemicals to make them functional   - packaging chemicals in Vesicles for send out off cell.

34. Mitochondrion MitochondrionStructure - composed of modified double unit membrane (protein, lipid)- inner membrane infolded to form cristae Function - site of cellular respiration ie. the release of chemicalenergy from food Glucose+Oxygen ---> Carbondioxide + Water + Energy

35. Lysosome LysosomeStructure - membrane bound bag containing hydrolytic enzymes- hydrolytic enzyme = (water split biological catalyst)i.e. using water to split chemical bonds

36. Lysosome Function - break large molecules into small molecules byinserting a molecule of water into the chemical bond

37. Nucleus nuclear envelope    nucleolus           chromatin       nucleoplasm

38. Nucleus Nuclear Envelope Structure - two unit membranes with a fluid-filled space        - nuclear pores present        - outer membrane may be continuous with endoplasmicreticulum

39. Nuclear Envelope Function - selectively permeable to control movement in or out- contains nuclear contents

40. Chromatin ChromatinStructure - composed of long thin strands of DNA Function - contains instructions that control cell metabolism and heredity

41. Nucleolus NucleolusStructure - non - membraneous matrix of RNA (ribonucleic acid)and protein Function - works with ribosomes in the synthesis of protein

42. Chromosomes • - Usually in the form of chromatin • Contains genetic information • Composed of DNA • Thicken for cellular division • Set number per species (i.e. 23 pairs for human)

43. Write answers to the following: in notebook 1. Are euglena unicellular or multicellular? 2. What Kingdom do euglena belong to? What Phylum? 3. What organelle carries out photosynthesis? 4. On which end is the flagellum located? 5. Define autotrophic.

44. 6. Define heterotrophic. 7. Describe the two ways in which the euglena get their nutrients. 8. What is the eyespot used for? 9. What is the function of the nucleus? 10. What is the function of the contractile vacuole? What would happen if the cell did not have this organelle.

45. Cell Structure 1.................................................................. 2.................................................................. 3.................................................................... 4.................................................................... 5....................................................................

46. Cell Structure 6……………………………………. 7…………………………..…….…. 8………………………………….. 9…………………………………… 10……………………......................

47. Write answers to the following: 11. This structure is made of DNA 12. Produces ATP 13. Creates turgor pressure 14. New proteins are made on the 15.  This organelle controls entry into the cell *************************