Music, Culture and Ideas

1. Music, Culture and Ideas 音樂, 文化與觀念

2. Beethoven’s AnvilWilliam Benzon • Music in Mind and Culture • William L. Benzon: 認知科學家, 社會與演化系統期刊 The Journal of Social and Evolutionary Systems）之編輯委員, 並著有 視覺化: 二次電腦革命 Visualizations: The Second Computer Revolution, 也是音樂團體「歐亞非聯盟」（AfroEurasian Connection）創始人之一。

3. The Evolution of Musical Culture • 直立人適應草原 製造石器 建造shelter • 原始人模仿動物的叫聲 • One of the adaptation that followed erectus to survive in the steppes. • Control over the vocal apparatus • Precursor to music • 2 million years ago

4. The Evolution of Musical Culture • 舌下神經導管約30萬年前發展到目前尺寸 • 原始人模仿動物的叫聲 (以便影響動物) • One of the adaptation that followed erectus to survive in the steppes. • Control over the vocal apparatus • Precursor to music • 2 million years ago • 人類先祖透過模仿動物叫聲獲得自主控制發聲器官的能力(在發展原始語言之前)

5. The Evolution of Musical Culture • March to music: • Rhythmically coordinated group merge from vocal mimicry and associated activities. • The differentiation of language from musicking • Three milestone: from ape to human • Vocal mimicry • The origins of musicking • The differentiation of language from musicking

6. The Evolution of Musical Culture • Gestalt Switch 1: sacred pleasure • Oubre’s hypothesis: • The human mind first emerged when musicking gave rise the group-synchronized neurodynamics. Such states are both a by-product and a catalyst of the continuing evolution of hominid consciousness and culture. • Music proper and language were proceeded by something that neither one nor the other but partakes of both

7. The Evolution of Musical Culture • Gestalt Switch 2: music and language differentiate • Thinking: • on-line: brain is attending to the external world and directed to it; • off-line: brain is focusing on matters that are not physically present • Musicking: on-line • Language: off-line

8. The Evolution of Musical Culture • Vocalization become a trigger that evoke the others • On-line voluntary vocalizations are used to reference and manipulate off-line nonvocal mental structure. Won-won • Conversation: • Assemble meaning • decode

9. 音樂的四個時期.音樂與文明 • Consciousness 起源於Homer與Athenian Golden Age之間 • Mental terms were scarce • Hardly attribute to the mind • Oedipus the King would not have been possible in Homer’s time • Take place in mental realm. About mental events, acts knowing or denial.

10. 音樂與文明 • New modes of consciousness • 兒童觀念發展: 後階段的心理機制將早期的物體化 objectified • “thumos” in Iliad • 反應環境的內在感應 • Thumos 給戰士力量 • 心理物質的容器: 精力 • 古典希臘思想家將mind概念化 • 物體化 objectified the MIND

11. 悲劇的誕生 • 悲劇: the whole social system become objectified and available for your contemplating • 悲劇來自以往的儀式, but how? • Dionysian Cult (Apollonian art (dream) of sculpture; Dionysian art (intoxication) of music) • Frame: Dionysian chorus (reveling throng) • Scenes: Apollonian action (principal celebrants); vision; dream • 透過與酒神似的合唱團的認同 觀眾接受他所見的vision • A sweeping opposition of styles: • Dionysian lyrics of the chorus VS the Apollonian dream world

12. 音樂時期與文化等級 • Wiora: 音樂的4個時期: • 史前及早期 • 古文明時期from the Sumerian and Egyptian to the late Roman, high culture in the Orient • 西方音樂藝術時期 • 科技與工業時期 • 前3時期 intrinsically musical emphasis: 依序為 節奏 旋律 和聲

13. 音樂時期與文化等級 • Wiora: 音樂的前3個時期: • Age 時期 VS Rank等級 • Towards rhythmic elaboration • Strongly 區別 the control of melody from control of rhythm. • Harmony is “in turn” 區別 from both rhythm and melody • Intrinsic

14. 音樂時期與文化等級 • Basic experience of music is holistic or Gestalt in nature • I got Rhythm • Thriving for a Riff • Anthropology • 幼童表達方式 • 一字代表一整句 • 簡短話語表達完整的情境 • Functional channel 功能通道

15. 音樂時期Age與文化等級Rank • Age of music VS culture rank • culture rank: • number of functional channels required to realize the music. • Culture molds the brain, not biology • Beethoven Piano sonata VS 非洲打擊樂

16. 音樂時期與文化等級 • 旋律與和聲的出現 • 區別 the control of melody from control of rhythm, what does it mean? • Musical motifs: elementary gesture stream, are no longer manipulated and elaborated simply as a rhythmic gestalt. • Indian music: • Raga • tala

17. 音樂時期與文化等級 • 和聲的出現 • Harmonic elaboration (rank 3) : post-Renaissance Europe: simultaneous sounding of two or more sound • Renaissance: polyphonic: two or more simultaneously melodic lines • Three-note chords • Zarlino (1558): horizontal • Rameau (1772): vertical triads

18. 音樂時期與文化等級 • Modulation from one key to another • From Baroque to late 19th century

19. 音樂時期與文化等級 • 音樂的演化 • Why??? • Darwin evolution model: • 變化的來源 (基因的作用) • 選擇保留的機制 (interaction between phenotype with the external world, survival of the fittest) • 文化上: meme • Performance-level attractor play the phenotype role; The fate of memes depends on whether they contribute to repeated performances

20. 音樂時期與文化等級 • Evolution from HG band to chiefdom • Musicking 扮演著何種角色 • 經過長期的發展 • Close ritual, loose mundane • GO (一般化的他人) • Chief (首領) • Musicking organize Ritual ------- • time coupled brain • GO + chiefhood • Nuer • Ritual creates a cultural space where social innovation takes place

21. 音樂時期與文化等級 Where memetic variation comes from? From other groups In the course of musicking Individual invention Whatever the source, as long as a group has a plentiful supply of memes it has the raw material for cultural evolution.

22. 音樂時期與文化等級 Music and Literacy Rank 2 music occurs in civilization with a small elite capable of writing Elaborate solo singers are members of literate societies singing rank 2 music The process need to maintain an imaginary other while writing and reading is similar to GO or chiefhood.

23. 音樂史 從素歌到原始主義 The Gregorian contract and the Primitive