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Italian Unification

Realpolitik –politics based on strictly practical rather than idealistic ideas, and practiced without any sentimental illusions. Achieve goal not by romantic visions of a people’s revolution Instead use political opportunism, calculated chances, gamble for victory

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Italian Unification

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  1. Realpolitik –politics based on strictly practical rather than idealistic ideas, and practiced without any sentimental illusions. • Achieve goal not by romantic visions of a people’s revolution • Instead use political opportunism, calculated chances, gamble for victory • Use whatever is necessary to achieve goals: • If that’s diplomacy use that, if its war use that

  2. Italian Unification • Risorgimento– “resurgence” of the Italian unification movement. • Unite the fragmented Italian states into one nation: • Papal states—dominated by Catholic Church • Venetia and Lombardy—under Austrian control • Piedmont-Sardinia—leaders in Italian unification • Camillo di Cavour—Chief Minister • Kingdom of the Two Sicilies — • Giuseppe Garibaldi

  3. Camillo di Cavour of Piedmont-Sardinia utilized realpolitik to achieve goals of Italian unification. • Very practical in his manipulation of events • He joined with Britain and France in the Crimean War as an ally in order that when the time came and he needed allies—he could call on either of those nations—a calculated chance.

  4. 1858 meeting with Napoleon III— • He promised military assistance to aid Italian unification in a war against Austria in exchange for the territories of Nice and Savoy • Cavour provoked Austria into war by fomenting revolutionary activity in Lombardy and Venetia— • War began—Napoleon III became concerned at length of war and began to seek peace with Austria. Backed out of agreement with Cavour.

  5. Cavour continued war without France. Succeeded in annexing Lombardy. • Southern Italy—Garibaldi and the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies—His army of “Redshirts” unified S. Italy • Cavour and Garibaldi did not share same vision of Italian unification but overcame their difficulties and compromised. • 1861—All Italian parliament. • Victor-Emmanuel proclaimed king • Rome—1870; Venice-1866. • Never really became great power hoped by Cavour.

  6. German Unification • German Unification: • Prussian Emperor Wilhelm I and his Chancellor Otto von Bismarck led move towards uniting German States under Prussian control • Bismarck: • Junker aristocrat • Very conservative—no romantic revolutionary. • He had lived through 1848 and its failure. Germany to be unified he realized was not through romantic revolution but “blood and iron”

  7. Used a series of wars to achieve German unification. • Identified German enemies to unification: • Austrian empire • France • Manipulated political and military siutuation to go to war with each nation.

  8. Remove Austrian control from German states. • Using realpolitik, Bismarck first manipulates Austria into an alliance. • War with Denmark over Schleswig-Holstein. Prussia brings in Austria as ally by offering to split territory. • Prussia gained Schleswig • Austria gained Holstein

  9. Austria cannot get to Holstein without moving through German states. Bismarck uses this as a pretense to declare war. • 1866-Austro-Prussian War or Seven Weeks War • Austria badly defeated. • ordered to stay out of German affairs • otherwise offered generous peace terms

  10. Bismarck then oved on to deal with France. Also manipulated into war. • Provoking France into war was not that difficult. Already had hostile relationship with Napoleon III. • Ems dispatch: Bismarck edited diplomatic note from Wilhelm I to French government to make it sound insulting to Napoleon III. Napoleon III got insulted and declared war.

  11. July 1870—Franco Prussian War • September 1870—Battle of Sedan lost by France. Napoleon III captured as prisoner of Prussian Army. • Complete embarrassment. Napoleon III abdicated throne. • Paris Commune—hold out angainst German invasion and bombardment of city. • Finally surrendered January 1871.

  12. German unification proclaimed in ceremony at Versailles Palace • complete French humiliation. • Germany seized Alsace and Lorraine • France imposed with large penalty of costs of war • Germany will become one of the greatest powers in Europe after unification.

  13. Germany after unification: • Bismarck begins to concentrate on protecting Germany and creating sense of nationalism in country. • desires peace and security From “Iron chancellor” to “Honest broker”

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