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German and Italian Unification

German and Italian Unification. Europe experiences Nationalism. Nationalism is having extreme devotion to the interests of your nation and culture Nationalism can be a unifying or dividing force. German Unification.

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German and Italian Unification

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  1. German and Italian Unification

  2. Europe experiences Nationalism Nationalism is having extreme devotion to the interests of your nation and culture Nationalism can be a unifying or dividing force

  3. German Unification -In the early 1800s, German speaking people lived in small states to which they felt tied -Nationalistic feelings began to stir in the wake of Napoleon’s invasions -Many began to call for an independent, unified Germany

  4. Reason’s why there should be a Unified Germany • Common nationality; sharing a common cultural identity • Enlightenment writers and philosophers pushed ideas of national pride • The German speaking people had the strength to unify

  5. Reasons why there should not be a Unified Germany • Religious and economic differences • Other nations such as Austria and France did not want to see a German powerhouse at their borders • Southern states felt they would become isolated in a unified Germany

  6. Kaiser Wilhelm II, King of Prussia • Fought against Napoleon during the Napoleonic Wars and at the Battle of Waterloo • Had to deal with a very liberal parliament • Appointed a conservative Chancellor – Otto Von Bismarck who was accountable only to him, not to parliament

  7. OVB • In 1862 Otto von Bismarck (OVB) was appointed chancellor of Prussia, the largest of the German states • He was the mastermind behind German unification – to benefit Prussia and to gain more power • Known as “The Iron Chancellor” • Called for unification, not by speeches and voting, but by “blood and iron” – by war and military power

  8. OVB Part II The “Iron Chancellor” • Bismarck supported militarism – a build up of the military and to be prepared for war • Bismarck also was a reader of Machiavelli’sThe Prince, which stated “The ends justify the means” – do anything that is necessary to achieve his goal

  9. OVB Part III • Bismarck’s philosophy was called Realpolitik, or the “politics of reality” - This mean’s OVB’s decisions were made without influence from the best case scenario • In seven years OVB led Prussia through three wars • Each increased Prussia’s prestige and moved the German states closer to unity

  10. OVB creates the North German Confederation Shortly following the victory of Prussia, Bismarck eliminated the Austrian led German Confederation. He then established a new North German Confederation which Prussia could control

  11. Bismarck creates war • Bismarck thought that a war would increase nationalism particularly in the southern states • OVB provokes France into declaring war • OVB quickly squashed the French in the Franco-Prussian War [1870-1871]

  12. Political Cartoons of the Franco-Prussian War

  13. The German Confederation

  14. Effects of OVB’s Unification • Germany is unified into a German Empire • Austrian Empire is severely weakened

  15. Italian Unification

  16. Causes from the Congress of Vienna • When the boundaries of Europe were redrawn, the Italian provinces of Venetia and Lombardy were put into the Austrian Empire • Also in the South, the Spanish were given control of the Kingdom of Two Sicilies

  17. Count CavourThe “Brain” Giuseppe GaribaldiThe “Sword” ItalianNationalistLeaders Giuseppe MazziniThe “Soul” King Victor Emmanuel II The King

  18. Giuseppe Mazzini • Founder of Young Italy – a nationalist organization attempting to unite Italy. Led revolts throughout Italy from 1832-1838 • 1848 – He was defeated and exiled • Distrusted Count Cavour because he thought Cavour was more concerned with strengthening Sardinia, not unifying Italy

  19. Count Camillo di Cavour • Worked to expand the providence Sardinia’s power and wealth – not unify Italy • Gained control of Northern Italy through diplomacy • Allied w/ France to expel Austria • Unified most of N. Italy, began financing southern nationalist like Giuseppe Garibaldi

  20. Giuseppe Garibaldi • Captured Sicily w/ aide from Cavour • His army was called the “Red Shirts” because red shirts made a cheap uniform • In an election, the people of the south voted to unify with Sardinia • Garibaldi met with King Victor Emmanuel II, stepped aside from power and gave the king control power over all of Italy

  21. A Unified Peninsula! • A contemporary British cartoon, entitled “Right Leg in the Boot at Last,” shows Garibaldi placing the “Italian Boot” on Victor Emmanuel II

  22. A few loose ends…. • 1866: Austro-Prussian War • Italy helps Prussia and wins control of Venetia. • Problems after unification: • north = industrialized • south = agricultural • language barriers • unstable governments • Italy entered the 20th century as a poor nation.

  23. The Kingdom of Italy - 1871

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