Pres. Lyndon B. Johnson

1. Pres. Lyndon B. Johnson 1963-1969

2. 1963 • Pres. Johnson becomes the 36th President after JFK’s assassination • Pres. Johnson pledges support for Pres. Kennedy’s legislative agenda, which included civil rights & education legislation

3. Important events & bills passed • Economic Opportunity Act (1964) • a variety of educational, employment, and training programs which were the foundation of the “war on poverty” • 1964 election- elected w/ a 61% popular vote for his first term • “Great Society” program in 1965- aid to education, protection of civil rights, urban renewal, Medicare, conservation, beautification, control & prevention of crime and delinquency, promotion of the arts, & consumer protection

4. Civil Rights Movement events- 1964 • Mississippi Freedom Summer- voter registration in the state. • December 10 - Dr. Martin Luther King is awarded the Nobel Peace Prize • Civil Rights Act of 1964- Right to vote, guarantee access to public accommodations, and withhold federal funds from programs that discriminate. http://www.history.com/videos/10-days-freedom-summer

5. Civil Rights Movement events- 1965 • February 21 - Malcolm X is shot to death in Manhattan, New York, probably by three members of the Nation of Islam. • March 7 - Bloody Sunday: Civil rights workers in Selma, Alabama begin a march to Montgomery but are stopped by a massive police blockade as they crossed the Edmund Pettus Bridge. Many marchers are severely injured and one killed. • Voting Rights Act of 1965 passed http://www.history.com/videos/malcolm-x#malcolm-x http://player.discoveryeducation.com/index.cfm?guidAssetId=A1B7C0D3-32CE-4D53-96A1-FE79CC5F78C0

6. Civil Rights Movement events- 1966 & 1967 1966 • June 5 - James Meredith begins a solitary March Against Fear from Memphis, Tennessee to Jackson, Mississippi. Shortly after starting, he is shot with birdshot and injured. He continues the march later. • Black Panthers founded by Newton & Seale in California 1967 • June 13 - Thurgood Marshall is the first African American appointed to the U.S. Supreme Court.

7. Civil Rights Movement events- 1968 • April 4 - Dr. Martin Luther King is shot and killed in Memphis, Tennessee by James Earl Ray. • April 11 - Civil Rights Act of 1968 is signed. The Fair Housing Act is Title VIII of this Civil Rights Act - it bans discrimination in the sale, rental, and financing of housing.

8. Vietnam War- background (1940s)*don’t write, but get info. from the blog 1945 • After Chinese and French rule and Japanese occupation, Ho Chi Minh and his People's Congress create the National Liberation Committee of Vietnam to form a provisional government. Japan transfers all power to the Viet minh. • Ho Chi Minh Declares Independence of Vietnam • British Forces Land in Saigon, Return Authority to French 1946 • France recognizes Vietnam as a "free state" within the French Union. • Indochina War Begins*Following months of steadily deteriorating relations, the Democratic Republic of Vietnam launches its first concerted attack against the French.

9. *Ho Chi Minh “Bringer of Light” "My only desire is that all of our Party and people, closely united in struggle, construct a peaceful, unified, independent, democratic and prosperous, and make a valiant contribution to the world Revolution." (Hanoi, 10 May 1969.)

10. 1954 Battle of Dien Bien Phu Begins*A force of 40,000 heavily armed Vietminh lay siege to the French garrison at Dien Bien Phu. French defeated. *President Eisenhower outlines the Domino Theory: "You have a row of dominoes set up. You knock over the first one, and what will happen to the last one is the certainty that it will go over very quickly.“ Geneva Meeting Begins*Vietnam is divided at the 17th parallel Vietnam War- background (1950-1955)*don’t write, but get info. from the blog 1950 • Chinese, Soviets Offer Weapons to Viet minh • The United States sends $15 million dollars in military aid to the French for the war in Indochina. Included in the aid package is a military mission and military advisors. Viet minh flag French at Dien Bien Phu

11. Vietnam War- background (1955-1959)*don’t write, but get info. from the blog 1955 • Ngo Dinh Diem becomes President of Republic of Vietnam 1956 • French Leave Vietnam 1959 • North Vietnam forms Group 559 to begin infiltrating weapons into South Vietnam via the Ho Chi Minh Trail. The Trail will become a strategic target for future military attacks.

12. Vietnam War- background (1960-1962)*don’t write, but get info. from the blog 1960 • Hanoi forms the National Liberation Front for South Vietnam. The Diem government dubs them "Vietcong.“ 1962 • The U.S. Air Force begins using Agent Orange -- a defoliant that came in metal orange containers-to expose roads and trails used by Vietcong forces. Agent Orange being dropped Viet cong flag

13. Vietnam War- background- 1963*don’t write, but get info. from the blog 1963 • Tensions between Buddhists and the Diem government are further strained as Diem, a Catholic, removes Buddhists from several key government positions and replaces them with Catholics. Buddhist monks protest Diem's intolerance for other religions and the measures he takes to silence them. In a show of protest, Buddhist monks start setting themselves on fire in public places. • With the approval of the United States, operatives within the South Vietnamese military overthrow Diem. He and his brother Ngo Dinh Nhu are shot and killed. Thích Quảng Đức & self-immolation

14. Last words… • The last words of Thích Quảng Đức before his self-immolation were documented in a letter he had left: “Before closing my eyes and moving towards the vision of the Buddha, I respectfully plead to President Ngo Dinh Diem to take a mind of compassion towards the people of the nation and implement religious equality to maintain the strength of the homeland eternally. I call the venerables, reverends, members of the sangha and the lay Buddhists to organize in solidarity to make sacrifices to protect Buddhism.” David Halberstam wrote: • I was to see that sight again, but once was enough. Flames were coming from a human being; his body was slowly withering and shriveling up, his head blackening and charring. In the air was the smell of burning human flesh; human beings burn surprisingly quickly. Behind me I could hear the sobbing of the Vietnamese who were now gathering. I was too shocked to cry, too confused to take notes or ask questions, too bewildered to even think... As he burned he never moved a muscle, never uttered a sound, his outward composure in sharp contrast to the wailing people around him.

15. Gulf of Tonkin Incident On August 2, three North Vietnamese PT boats allegedly fired torpedoes at the U.S.S. Maddox, located off the coast of North Vietnam. A second attack is alleged to have taken place on August 4. Gulf of Tonkin Resolution- Aug. 7 approved by Congress & authorizes LBJ to "take all necessary measures to repel any armed attack against forces of the United States and to prevent further aggression." The Resolution allows Johnson to wage all out war against North Vietnam without ever securing a formal Declaration of War from Congress. The reports now appear to have been mistaken. Later, when more information about the Tonkin incident became available, many concluded that Johnson and his advisers had misled Congress into supporting the expansion of the war. In 1965, President Johnson commented privately: "For all I know, our Navy was shooting at whales out there." Vietnam War- 1964 http://www.history.com/videos/lbj-gulf-of-tonkin-incident

16. Sustained American bombing raids of North Vietnam, dubbed Operation Rolling Thunder, begin in February. The nearly continuous air raids will go on for three years. The first American combat troops arrive in Vietnam to defend the U.S. airfield at Danang. The practice of protesting U.S. policy in Vietnam by holding "teach-ins" at colleges and universities becomes widespread. The first "teach-in" -- featuring seminars, rallies, and speeches -- takes place at the University of Michigan. Vietnam War- 1965 http://www.history.com/videos/operating-rolling-thunder

17. Vietnam War- 1967 • Vietcong’s massive system of tunnels is discovered • Napalm being used http://www.history.com/shows/cities-of-the-underworld/videos/cities-of-the-underworld-3-vietnam-vinh-moc-tunnels#cities-of-the-underworld-3-vietnam-vinh-moc-tunnels

18. http://www.history.com/videos/vietnams-underground-warfare#vietnams-underground-warfarehttp://www.history.com/videos/vietnams-underground-warfare#vietnams-underground-warfare • 150 miles of tunnels • Some 23 ft. deep • Room for 16,000 viet cong “Tunnel Rats”- American soldiers sent to seek out enemies in the tunnels http://www.history.com/videos/tunnel-rats-show-courage#tunnel-rats-show-courage

19. Rolling trap See-saw trap Folding chair trap Trap door trap The spikes under the trap door

20. Vietnam War- 1968 North Vietnamese Launch Tet Offensive- Turning point in the Vietnam War North Vietnam army & viet cong vs. South Vietnam army, U.S., and its allies From a military point of view, Tet is a huge defeat for the Communists, but turns out to be a political and psychological victory. My Lai Massacre Search & destroy mission No viet cong found, but b/w 300-500 My Lai villagers murdered. initially covered up by high-ranking army officers, but it was later made public by former soldiers. Don’t write: Later during the courts-martial, platoon leader Lieutenant William Calley was accused of directing the killings, and in 1971 he was convicted of premeditated murder and sentenced to life in prison; five other soldiers were tried and acquitted. Many, however, believed that Calley had been made a scapegoat, and in 1974 he was paroled.

21. The end for LBJ • 1968- LBJ announces he won’t run for re-election in order to devote his time to seeking peace in Vietnam & at home • "I shall not seek, nor will I accept the nomination of my party for another term as your President." LBJ died Jan. 22, 1973 at age 64, from a third  heart attack. (two days after Pres. Nixon’s inauguration). LBJ Nixon http://www.history.com/videos/history-rocks-vietnam-soldier#history-rocks-vietnam-soldier