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Population

Explore the global and national population dynamics, labor force impacts, and economic development influenced by population size. Understand overpopulation, underpopulation, and optimum population levels, and factors like birth and death rates, immigration, and emigration. Delve into the problems and advantages associated with population variations, with a focus on Ireland's migration patterns and sources of population data like censuses and registration records.

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Population

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  1. Population Powerpoint produced by Rachel Farrell (PDST) & Aoife Healion (SHS, Tullamore) Sources of information: SEC Marking Schemes, newspaper articles & documentaries

  2. World Population Clock • http://www.worldometers.info/world-population/

  3. Syllabus Economics of Population • Global and national population, size, composition and trends. • Over, under and optimum population. • The labour force and employment. • The importance of population, and its influence on economic development and growth.

  4. Short 2012 Q 8 2009 Q 2 2006 Q 2 Long2012 Q 5 (a), (c) 2012 Q 8 (a) 2011 Q 8 (a) & (b) 2010 Q 7 (a) 2009 Q 6 2008 Q 3 (c) 2007 Q 6 2005 Q 6 (a) & (c) 2003 Q 7 2002 Q 7 (c) 2001 Q 7 (c) Exam Questions OL

  5. Short 2010 Q 9 2006 Q 1 2001 Q 9 Long 2011 Q 8 (a) (b) (c) 2010 Q 8 (b) (c) 2008 Q 7 (c) 2005 Q 8 (a) 2003 Q 7 (c) Exam Questions HL

  6. Under Population • Occurs when output and income per head increases as the population rises. • As the population increases most people become better off. • Eg. Australia, Newzeland & Canada, & Japan

  7. Complete “skimming an article exercise” on pdst website

  8. Problems of underpopulation • Increases the dependency ratio • Smaller domestic market • Labour shortages • Less people to pay back the national debt. Students: Write a brief explanation of each of these headings.

  9. Overpopulation • Occurs in a country when output and income per head fall as the population rises. • The economic resources are unable to support the increase in population without causing a decline in the SOL. • Eg. India, China & Ethiopia.

  10. Problems of overpopulation • Unemployment • Low SOL • Pressure on resources, health, ed… • Scarcity of food • Land prices may increase • Harm to the environment Students: Write a brief explanation of each of these headings.

  11. Optimum population • Occurs when the level of population is such that the economic resources of the country are providing the maximum output per head.

  12. Factors that influence the size of population • Birth Rate • Is the number of live births for every 1,000 members of the population. 2. Death Rate • Is the number of deaths per 1,000 of the population. • For population replacement the birth rate must be higher than the death rate

  13. 3. Infant Mortality Rate • Is the average number of deaths per year per 1,000 live births. 4. Net Rate of Emigration/Immigration • Is the total number of people who enter minus the total number who leave the country on a yearly basis.

  14. Emigration • Is the number of people who leave the country permanently.

  15. Push forces • Factors that compel people to leave their own country. • Eg. Unemployment, low wages…

  16. Pull forces • Factors that attract people to another country. • Eg. Climate, higher wages & job opp

  17. Advantages of emigration 1. Reduction in unemployment • Eases the pressure on gov to provide s/w & jobs. 2. Reduces social costs of unemployment • Less vandalism & crime • Emigrants return with skills & money.

  18. Disadvantages of emigration 1. Smaller domestic market • Less sales may lead to more unemployment. 2. Brain drain • Benefits of money spent on education goes to other countries

  19. 3. Increase in the dependency ratio • Mostly 18 to 35 year olds leave. • Less revenue from tax. • More young & old in the country. • Greater burden on the government finances to provide services.

  20. Immigration • Is when people from other countries come to live in Ireland permanently.

  21. Net migration • Means that there are more people entering the country than leaving it. • Ie. immigration is larger than emigration.

  22. Advantages of Immigrationplacemat exercise

  23. Disadvantages of Immigrationplacemat exercise

  24. 2011 HL Q 8 (b) • Discuss the reasons why Ireland is now experiencing a high level of net outward migration.

  25. 2011 HL Q 8 (b) • Foreign nationals returning home • Economic recession in Ireland • Falling wage rates in Ireland • Rising level of tax in Ireland • Job opportunities abroad Students: Write a brief explanation of each point.

  26. Sources of population information 1. Census of population • Carried out every 5 years. • It is a head count of all the residence in Ireland. • First one in Ireland in 1841 • Most recent one in 2006

  27. 2. Registration of births & deaths. • By hospitals, doctors and relatives.

  28. 3. Central Statistics Office (CSO) • Quarterly National House Survey. • Data compiled at air and sea ports. • The Register of Electors. • The Child Benefit Scheme. • The no. of visas, work-permits & asylum applications.

  29. Why is the census of population important? 2011 Q 8 (b) For the Government • Infrastructural requirements • Provision of essential services • Pension planning • Qualifications of workforce Students: write a sentence for each.

  30. Why is the census of population important? 2011 Q 8 (b) For business • Predict future level of demand • Population data • Labour market Students: write a sentence for each.

  31. The 2011 census of Ireland highlighted that Complete “scanning exercise” on pdst website

  32. Complete “scanning exercise” on pdst website

  33. Sample Word Wall

  34. Demography • Is the statistical study of human population. • It involves the study of the total size of the population and its composition. • Eg. No of males, females, age profiles etc.

  35. Population Pyramid

  36. Population Pyramid • Is a diagram that shows the distribution by age of the population of a country. • In Ireland in 2006 the median age is approx 35 years. • Irelands population is becoming older. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_pyramid

  37. Outline the economic implications of the changing structure and size of the Irish population.2010 & 2005 Use placemat to discuss Look up SEC marking schemes

  38. Effects of an aging population • Pressure on provision of state pensions • Possible increased tax burden • Increased government expenditure • Changing pattern of demand Students discuss & write an explanation for each heading

  39. Robert MalthusTheory of Population • Nationality: English • Time: 1766-1834 • Essay: Principles of Population

  40. Population closely connected to food supply & production. • Food has arithmetic growth (1,2,3,4) • Population has geometric growth (2,4,8) • Population would double every 25 years if left unchecked.

  41. Famine disease and disasters would result. • This would keep population within limits of food supply.

  42. Forecast severe decline in the SOL in GB by the end of the 19th century. • This did not happen. • However the population explosion of the 21st century may prove him right.

  43. Thomas Robert Malthus Classical Economist English (1776-1834) “The Principles of Population” • Applied the Law of Diminishing Returns to Land • Best land taken up first, then next best, then inferior…. • At each stage the amount of food is less than before. • Theory of • Population & Food • Population grows geometrically (2,4,8,16,32). • Food grows arithmetically (1,2,3,4,5,6). • If population not kept in check famine & disease would result. • SOL did not fall in 19th C but his ideas were more relevant in the population explosion of the 20th C Iron Law of Wages An increase in wage above subsistence level = increase in population = increase in supply of labour =decrease in wage

  44. World Population Clock • http://www.worldometers.info/world-population/

  45. World population 7,000,000,000 7 billion

  46. World Population • 1950 2.5 billion • 1988 5 billion • 2004 6.4 billion • 2011 7 billion • 2050 9 billion is estimate • Africa set to record highest levels of growth 64% – 158%

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