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Biotechnology Bell Ringers for October 1 st , 2010. Genes are a powerful influences on physical and mental characteristics. Name an example of these influences in people. What are the two categories of genes passed from parent to offspring?
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Biotechnology Bell Ringers for October 1st, 2010 • Genes are a powerful influences on physical and mental characteristics. Name an example of these influences in people. • What are the two categories of genes passed from parent to offspring? • Is the mutation for an animal to have the albino gene a disadvantage or an advantage? Why?
Biotechnology Objectives forOctober 1st, 2010 (4.03) • Progress Reports • Continue our study of DNA by analyzing the Human Genome • Construct and analyze a model of DNA • Time permitting, Biotechnology current events
What is a Genome? • A genome is an organism’s complete set of DNA • Except for mature red blood cells, all human cells contain a complete genome
Genome Science • DNA in the human genome is arranged into 24 distinct chromosomes • A few types of major chromosomal abnormalities can be detected by microscopic examination • Most changes in DNA are subtle and require a closer analysis of the DNA molecule
Genome Science • Each chromosome contains many genes, the basic physical and functional units of heredity • Genes are specific sequences of bases that encode instructions on how to make proteins
Genome Science • Genes comprise only about 2% of the human genome • The human genome is estimated to contain 30,000 to 40,000 genes
Genome Science • Although genes get a lot of attention, it’s the proteins that perform most life functions • Proteins are large, complex molecules made up of smaller subunits called amino acids
Genome Science • Genomes are "brought to life" by being "expressed" according to a complex set of directions embedded in the DNA • The products of expression are proteins that do essentially all the work of the cell
Genome Science • Proteins typically work together with other proteins or nucleic acids as multicomponent "molecular machines" -- structures that fit together and function in highly specific, lock-and-key ways
Genome Science • DNA contains a phosphate group that attaches to base pairs • The four base pairs of DNA are: • Adenine (A) • Thymine (T) • Guanine (G) • Cytosine (C)
Building a DNA Structure • Two Red twizzlers represent the phosphate bases • The colored twizzlers represent the four bases of DNA • Adenine (A) : Blue • Thymine (T) : Green • Guanine (G) : Yellow • Cytosine (C) : Orange • Remember, A can only attach to T and G can only attach to C (Blue can only attach to Green and Yellow can only attach to Orange) • Once we make our DNA model, we will attach them all together as a class