Biotechnology Bell Ringers for September 23 rd , 2010

1. Biotechnology Bell Ringersfor September 23rd, 2010 What are the three categories of Critical Thinking? What are the two groups you obtain data from in an experiment? Conclusions always fall into what two categories?

2. Biotechnology Objectives for September 23rd, 2010 We will analyze the cellular design and function in plant, animal and bacterial cells We will use the microscopes to examine an example of a plant, animal and bacterial cell

3. What’s a Cell Look Like? • You may not have a picture in your mind when you hear the word cell • Think of cells as colorful little building blocks • Just like blocks, cells come together to construct a living thing

4. What is a Cell? • A cell is a watery body containing chemicals that hold information • Humans have more than 200 types of cells that make many billions of cells • Each cell works hard and they all carry the exact same information

5. History of the Cell • During the 1830s, with the improvement of microscopes, scientists were able to better understand the structure and function of cells • It was at this time that the cell theory was developed

6. The Cell Theory All living matter is made up of one or more cells. Also, any cell alive today had its origin in a preexisting cell It is clear that living things are made of at least one living cell Because every cell alive today came from a preexisting cell, we are truly related to our ancestors and bound to our past

7. Structure and Scale ofMolecules in the Cell • The foundation of the functioning cell that define all life forms is the atom • Atoms bond together to form molecules

8. Structure and Scale ofMolecules in the Cell • Simple molecules link into long chains inside the cell called proteins • Proteins are made up of amino acids strung together end to end

9. Structure and Scale ofMolecules in the Cell • The order of amino acids in these chains is determined by another long molecule, DNA • DNA controls the shape of a tree leaf and the length of an alligator’s tail • DNA is the genetic material that is the blueprint of life

10. Structure and Scale ofMolecules in the Cell • The proteins that are formed from instructions within the DNA carry on all functions of life, including transporting oxygen with our blood, protecting us from disease, and helping our bodies grow, mature, and age

11. Cells We Will Be Examining Animal Cell Plant Cell Bacterial Cell

12. Parts of Animal Cell Nucleus: Contains DNA which controls the activity of the cell, directs reproduction Cytoplasm: Watery substance inside the cell that surrounds the cell parts and transports chemicals and nutrients within the cell Mitochondria: Produce energy for cellular processes, the “powerhouse” of a cell CellMembrane: Surrounds cell, allows substances in & out of cell Lysosomes: Help break down and digest molecules

13. Parts of Animal Cell Ribosomes: Attached to endoplasmic reticulum and work to produce protein for cell structure GolgiApparatus: Helps transport proteins made by the ribosomes out of the cell Centrioles: Plan important role in cell division Nucleolus: Programs the formation of ribosomes in the nucleus EndoplasmicReticulum: Carry proteins and other substances through the cytoplasm

14. Example of a Animal Cell

15. Parts of Plant Cell Nucleus: Contains DNA which controls the activity of the cell, directs reproduction Cell Wall: Made of cellulose, found only in plants, allows substances in and out of cell CellMembrane: Thin, flexible membrane just inside the cell wall Colorplasts: Found only in plants, green, contain chlorophyll Cytoplasm: Watery material inside the cell that surrounds the cell parts and transports chemicals and nutrients within the cell

16. Parts of Plant Cell Vacuoles: Storage tanks of the cell Mitochondria: Produce energy for cellular processes, the “powerhouse” of a cell Ribosomes: Attached to endoplasmic reticulum and work to produce protein for cell structure EndoplasmicReticulum: Carry proteins and other substances through the cytoplasm

17. Example of a Plant Cell

18. Some differences between Plant Cells and Animal cells Plant cells have cell walls as their outermost layer Plant cells have chloroplasts that contain chlorophyll for pigmentation by converting energy from the sun into food Plant cells have larger vacuoles than Animal cells Animal cells contain centrioles that play a role in mitosis Many animal cells have flagellum connected to the cell membrane which aids in movement of the cell

19. Parts of Bacterial Cells CellWall: Gives the cell its shape and surrounds the cell membrane, protecting the bacterium from the environment Cytoplasm: Where cell growth, metabolism, and replication are carried out. It is a gel-like substance and contains cells structures such as ribosomes and the DNA CellMembrane: Encloses the interior of the bacterium and controls the flow of materials in and out of the cell

20. Parts of A Bacterial Cell Flagella: Hair like structures that help bacteria move. They can be found at either or both ends of a bacterium or all over its surface Nucleoid: Is a region of cytoplasm where the DNA is located. It is not a membrane bound nucleus, but simply an area of the cytoplasm where the strands of DNA are found Ribosomes: Microscopic “factories” found in all cells, including bacteria. They translate the gentic code to amino acids

21. Example of a Bacterial Cell

22. Things you Should Knowabout Bacterial Cells • They are prokaryotes, a type of cell that does not have a well-defined nucleus • The single form of the word is bacterium. More than one is called bacteria • Their cells contain a single closed DNA circle • They come in many shapes and sizes • They are found practically everywhere on Earth and live in some of the most unusual places • A microscope is needed to see them • Aerobic require oxygen and Anerobic can’t tolerate oxygen • Three shapes are • Cocci (round) • Bacilli (rod-shaped) • Spirochetes (spiral-shaped)