Migration

1. Migration Unit II Chapter 3

2. Migration • To est. the ecumene, humans have spread across earth through Migration • Geographers document from where people migrate and to where they migrate. Also why they migrate • Humans traveled through harsh and dangerous environments for new opp. • 3 main reasons for migration: economic opportunity, cultural freedom, and environmental comfort

3. Migration • REMEMBER!? • Diffusion spreads characteristics from one area to another • Relocation diffusion was the spread through bodily movement • Migration: permanent move to a new location • specific type of relocation diffusion

4. Migration • Migration involves a two-way flow • A  B, B  A • Emigration: migration from a location • Immigration: migration to a location • Net migration: different between # of immigrants and # of emigrants • + immigrants = positive net migration (net in-migration) • + emigrants = negative net migration (net out-migration)

5. Migration • Mobility: all types of movements from one place to another • Many forms of mobility • going to work, school, groceries, house of worship • circulation: short-term, repetitive, or cyclical movements that recur on a regular basis • Migration disrupts traditional cultural ties and economic patterns in a region • we take w/ us; language, religion, ethnicity, etc.

6. WHY DO PEOPLE MIGRATE? • REASONS FOR MIGRATING • Push/Pull factors • Push factor: induces ppl to move out of their present location • Pull factor: induces ppl to move into a new location • 3 major push/pull factors

7. Economic Push/Pull Factors • Aren’t many jobs in current situation • Possibly more jobs in a new location • Have a job, more attractive ones elsewhere

8. Cultural Push/Pull Factors • Big push factors: slavery and political instability • Wars have pushed ethnic groups out of redrawn borders • Refugees: ppl who have been forced to migrate and cannot return for fear of persecution of their race, religion, nationality, or political party • Palestinians and Afghans 2 largest international groups • Sudan and Columbia 2 largest internal groups • Democracy

9. Refugees: Sources & Destinations Fig. 3-1: Major source and destination areas of both international and internal refugees.

10. Environmental Push/Pull Factors • Pull towards physically attractive regions • Mountains, sea sides, and warm climates • Push from hazardous ones • Water +/- • floodplain: area subject to flooding during a specific # of years based on historic trends

11. Hurricane Katrina Migrants A major natural disaster represents an environmental push factor for forced migration.

12. Scene from The Grapes of Wrath The Dust Bowl in the 1930s led to forced migration from the Great Plains to California and elsewhere.

13. Intervening Obstacles • Intervening obstacle: an environmental or cultural factor that hinders migration • We don’t always end up where we intend • Historically physical (mountains, deserts, water)

14. DISTANCE OF MIGRATION • Short distance and remain in their own country • Long distance and head to another country for centers of econ. activity

15. Internal Migration • International migration: permanent movement from one country to another • Internal migration: permanent movement within the same country • similarity to distance decay…int’l mig. less numerous • interregional migration: movement from one region of a country to another • intraregional: movement within on region

16. International Migration Two types • Voluntary: migrant has chosen to move for economic improvements • Forced: migrant has been compelled to move by cultural factors • Migration transition: changes in society comparable to those in the demographic transition • International=stage 2 • Internal=stage 3 and 4

17. CHARACTERISTICS OF MIGRANTS • Most long-distance migrants are male • Most long-distance migrants are adult individuals rather than families

18. Gender of Migrants • Theorized a cent. Ago • Men more likely to be employed, therefore more likely to migrate • 55% men in 18th/19th Cent. • 1990’s reversed 55% women (changing role of women)

19. Family Status of Migrants • 40% 25-39 • 5% 65+ • Since more women are migrating, children are going with them • 16% 15 and younger

20. WHERE ARE MIGRANTS DISTRIBUTED? GLOBAL MIGRATION PATTERNS • 3 largest flows • To Europe from Asia • To NA from Asia and Latin America • Substantial in-migration • To NA from Europe • From Asia to Oceania • LDCsMDCs

21. Global Migration Patterns Fig. 3-2: The major flows of migration are from less developed to more developed countries.

22. Net Migration (per population) Fig. 3-3: Net migration per 1000 population. The U.S. has the largest number of immigrants, but other developed countries also have relatively large numbers.

23. WHERE ARE MIGRANTS DISTRIBUTED? U.S. IMMIGRATION PATTERNS • 3 main eras of immigration • All pulling from different regions of the world • Stage 2 is why people left

24. Colonial Immigration • Europe and Africa • Africans forced, Euro’s voluntary (mostly) • 90% of immigrants prior to 1840 were from GB • 400K slaves were brought to the 13 colonies

25. 19th Century Immigration • First Peak: Lots of Germans and Irish • ¼ German ancestry, 1/8 Irish-British • Economic pull factors, political unrest push factors • Second Peak: Still Irish, more Scandinavian • Beginning to enter _______? • Third Peak: Southern/Eastern Europe • Italy, Russia, Austria-Hungary • Reasons for migrating?

26. Migration to U.S., by Region of Origin Fig. 3-4: Most migrants to the U.S were from Europe until the 1960s. Since then, Latin America and Asia have become the main sources of immigrants.

27. Recent Immigration • ASIA: • most immigrants in the 60’s & 70’s • China, Philippines, India, &Vietnam (2/3 all Asian imm.) • 40% of Canadian immigration • LATIN AMERICAN: • 13M from 60-2005 • 2006: Mexico passes Germany as most imm. ever to US • Same reasons of migrating as Europeans

28. Migration from Asia to the U.S. Fig. 3-5: The largest numbers of migrants from Asia come from India, China, the Philippines, and Vietnam.

29. Migration from Latin America to the U.S. Fig. 3-6: Mexico has been the largest source of immigrants to the U.S., but immigrants have also come from numerous other Latin American nations.

30. IMPACT OF IMMIGRATION ON U.S. LEGACY OF EUROPEAN MIGRATION • Europe’s demographic transition • American Safety valve • Diffusion of European culture • So many migrated (65M), they took culture with them • “seeds of conflict” • Imposing European culture

31. IMPACT OF IMMIGRATION ON U.S. UNDOCUMENTED IMMIGRATION TO U.S. • Undocumented immigrants: unauthorized imm. • Looking for economic opportunity • 24% farming, 17% cleaning, 14% construction, 12% food prep • Come into the U.S. by: • Stay after “touring” • Sneak across the border (2,000 Miles) • Immigration reform

32. U.S. - Mexico Borderat Tijuana The U.S. side of the border is uninhabited and separated from Mexico by a fence

33. IMPACT OF IMMIGRATION ON U.S. DESTINATION OF IMMIGRANTS IN U.S. • California, Texas, Florida, and New York • ¼ CA, ¼ TX, ¼ NY-AZ-IL-GA-NJ, ¼ Rest of U.S. • Mexicans: CA, TX, IL • Caribbean’s: NY or FL • Asians: NY or CA • Chain migration: migration of ppl to a specific location bc family members or same nationality moved there

34. Undocumented Immigrants in the US Fig. 3-7: California, Texas, and Florida are the leading destinations for undocumented immigrants to the U.S.

35. IMMIGRATION POLICIES IN HOST COUNTRIES • U.S. QUOTA LAWS • Quotas: max # of ppl who could immigrate to U.S. in a 1 year period. • Changed dramatically over the years • Current law: 620K ppl, no more 7% from each country • 480K family sponsored • 140K employment related • Brain drain: large scale emigration by talented ppl

36. Guest Workers in Europe Fig. 3-9: Guest workers emigrate mainly from Eastern Europe and North Africa to work in the wealthier countries of Western Europe.

37. IMPACT OF IMMIGRATION ON U.S. TEMPORARY MIGRATION FOR WORK • Guest worker:ppl of poor countries who obtain jobs in western Eur. and ME • Helps deal w/ unemployment and stimulates econs. • Most from N.Africa, ME, Eastern Europe and Asia TIME-CONTRACT WORKERS • Serve a contract for an X # of time

38. Economic Migrants & Refugees • CUBANS • Seen as refugees since ’59 • “Mariel Boatlift” • HAITAINS • Economic advancement rather than political • U.S. settled lawsuit • VIETNAMESE • “Boat people”

39. Migration of Vietnamese Boat People Fig. 3-11: Many Vietnamese fled by sea as refugees after the war with the U.S. ended in 1975. Later boat people were often considered economic migrants.

40. CULTURAL PROBLEMS U.S. ATTITUDES TOWARDS IMMIGRANTS • Hostility toned down in the 20th century • Southern/Eastern Europeans faced lots of hostility • “inclined toward violent crimes” • “racially inferior” • “drove native’s out of work”

41. MIGRATION BETWEEN REGIONS IN A COUNTRY MIGRATION BETWEEN REGIONS W/IN U.S. • American West • Center of population • “balance on a pin” • Settlement of the interior • Canals • Westward expansion

42. Center of Population in the U.S. Fig. 3-12: The center of U.S. population has consistently moved westward, with the migration of people to the west. It has also begun to move southward with migration to the southern sunbelt.

43. MIGRATION BETWEEN REGIONS IN A COUNTRY MIGRATION BETWEEN REGIONS W/IN U.S. • Settlement of the Great Plains • Filling in • Railroad helps advancement • European offices • 1980 population center moves west of the mighty miss

44. MIGRATION BETWEEN REGIONS IN A COUNTRY MIGRATION BETWEEN REGIONS W/IN U.S. • Recent growth of the Sunbelt • Greater economic opportunities • Better climate • African American migration

45. U.S. Interregional Migration, 1995

46. U.S. Interregional Migration, 2003

47. MIGRATION BETWEEN REGIONS IN A COUNTRY MIGRATION BETWEEN REGIONS IN OTHER COUNTRIES • Russia: Forced migration, incentive migration • Brazil: Brasília • Indonesia: Java  small island (incentives) • Europe: Italy ^, Great Britain v • India: Permits, State of Assam

48. Brasilia, Brazil Brasilia was created as Brazil’s new capital in 1960 and since then has attracted thousands of migrants in search of jobs.

49. MIGRATION WITHIN ONE REGION MIGRATION FROM RURAL TO URBAN AREAS • Urbanization since early 1800s • ¾ U.S. is urban dwellers (also other devel. Countries) • I bet you can’t guess why they’re moving to cities! MIGRATION FROM URBA NTO SUBURBAN AREAS • 2x as many ppl moving out of cities to suburbs as there are suburbs to cities • Non-economic reasons

50. Intraregional Migration in the U.S. Fig. 3-14: Average annual migration among urban, suburban, and rural areas in the U.S. during the 1990s. The largest flow was from central cities to suburbs.