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CHAPTER 28

1979–1991. CHAPTER 28. THE COLD WAR RETURNS—AND ENDS. CREATED EQUAL JONES  WOOD  MAY  BORSTELMANN  RUIZ. TIMELINE. 1979 U.S. Embassy in Tehran taken by Islamic militants Sandinista rebels overthrow Somoza in Nicaragua Three Mile Island accident

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CHAPTER 28

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  1. 1979–1991 CHAPTER 28 THE COLD WAR RETURNS—AND ENDS CREATED EQUAL JONES  WOOD  MAY  BORSTELMANN  RUIZ

  2. TIMELINE 1979 U.S. Embassy in Tehran taken by Islamic militants Sandinista rebels overthrow Somoza in Nicaragua Three Mile Island accident 1980 Ronald Reagan wins Presidency 1981 Congress passes Reagan’s tax laws Sandra Day O’Connor nominated to the Supreme Court U.S. warplanes shoot down Libyan jets Anwar Sadat assassinated 1982 Boland Amendments 1983 HIV virus identified

  3. TIMELINE continued 1985 Gorbachev becomes head of Soviet Communist part 1986 Chernobyl nuclear accident America bombs Tripoli in 1987 October: Stock Market crash Gay Rights March in Washington 1988 American warship accidentally shoots down Iranian airliner Pro-Iranian agents bomb Pan-Am flight 109 George H. W. Bush elected President 1989 U.S. troops invade Panama 1991 January: Gulf War begins after invasion of Kuwait by Iraq

  4. THE COLD WAR RETURNS —AND ENDS Overview • Anticommunism Revised • Republican Rule at Home • Cultural Conflict • The End of the Cold War

  5. ANTICOMMUNISM REVISED • Iran and Afghanistan • The Conservative Victory of 1980 • Renewing the Cold War

  6. Trouble Spots in the Middle East, 1979-1993

  7. Iran • January 1979: Revolution in Iran deposes Shah • Ruhollah Khomeini creates a theocratic state based on Islamic law and abhorrence of western values • U.S. Embassy overtaken and American hostages taken • Militants demand return of the Shah to stand trial • Abortive rescue attempt, Vance resignation, neglected reelection campaign

  8. Afghanistan • 7 weeks after Iranian hostage situation, Russian troops invade Afghanistan in order to support the pro-Soviet government against Islamic fighters • President Carter halts most trade with Soviets, withdraws from SALT II, and boycotts 1980 Olympics • “Carter Doctrine”: preserve the status quo in the Persian Gulf region

  9. The Conservative Victory of 1980 • Ronald Reagan elected President • Conservative, former movie star • Campaigns on ideas of military might, unlimited consumption, economic growth, and anti-government • Republicans win the Senate

  10. Renewing the Cold War • UN Ambassador Kirkpatrick’s theory of authoritarian versus totalitarian nations • Reagan rejects détente and denounces the “evil empire” • Pentagon budget grows 40% from 1980 to 1984 • Lebanon: 241 U.S. Marines lost to suicide bomber

  11. Nicaragua • Sandanistas overthrow Somoza in 1979 • CIA-created “Contras” wage war on new government in Managua • 40,000 Nicaraguans, mainly civilians, die • Congress passes the Boland Amendments

  12. REPUBLICAN RULE AT HOME • “Reaganomics” and the Assault on Welfare • An Embattled Environment • A Society Divided

  13. “Reaganomics” and the Assault on Welfare • Congress passes Reagan’s tax laws • Cutting federal income tax by 25% over 3 years • Top individual rate drops from 70% to 28% • Corporate, capital gains, inheritance taxes cut • Military spending increases • Welfare programs loose funding • Federal government responsibilities taken up by the states • Inflation is cut by money policies of the Federal Reserve Board

  14. An Embattled Environment • Reagan administration policies favor big business and private enterprises • Federal lands opened for commercial use • Gorsuch (EPA), Burford (BLM), Crowell (FS) rewrite regulations favoring private enterprises • James Watt: extremist conservative with extremist ideas and little regard for the environment. Resigns in 1983

  15. A Society Divided • 1980: CEO’s salary 40 times that of worker • 1989: CEO’s salary 93 times that of worker • Net worth of 400 richest Americans tripled • Wealthiest 1% of Americans possessed more assets than bottom 90%” • “Casino Economy” of mergers, consolidations, insider trading, buyouts • Middle class: factory shutdowns, layoffs • Unions: lose members of manufacturing base and to anti-union sentiment

  16. Distribution of Wealth and Income

  17. CULTURAL CONFLICT • The Rise of the Religious Right • Dissenters Push Back • The New Immigration

  18. The Rise of the Religious Right • By 1980, Christian fundamentalists make up 20% of population. • Republican, conservative views, support Reagan • Oppose women’s right to choose, gay rights • Support school prayer • Anti-feminist views • Promote sexual abstinence • Support “war on drugs”

  19. Dissenters Push Back • Environmental activists • Peace activists, anti-nuclear • Racial justice activists • Anti-apartheid in South Africa • Rev. Jesse Jackson and Rainbow Coalition • Gay rights advocates

  20. The New Immigration • 6 million legal immigrants in 1980s • 40% from Asia: China, Philippines, Korea • 50% from Latin America and Caribbean: Mexico • Work: farms, domestic servants, janitors, gardeners

  21. THE END OF THE COLD WAR • From Cold War to Détente • The Iran-Contra Scandal • A Global Policeman?

  22. From Cold War to Détente • Gorbachev warns of becoming of a desolate Soviet economy with missiles

  23. Afghanistan becomes the Russian’s “Vietnam” • Reagan and Gorbachev in Reykjavik, Iceland • 1987: Nuclear Force Treaty signed

  24. The Iran-Contra Scandal • Reagan approved illegal sale of U.S. arms to Iran in return for the freeing of hostages in Lebanon • Oliver North and the National Security Council divert profits from Iran’s money to the Contras • The Boland Amendments restrict aid, directly or indirectly, to the Contras • Congressional investigation, Justice Department independent prosecutor.

  25. A Global Policeman? • George H. W. Bush elected President in 1988 • Home: Appointment of Clarence Thomas to the U.S. Supreme Court • Foreign: • The collapse of the Soviet Union and the Berlin Wall • Invasion of Panama and arrest of Noriega for drug trafficking • Gulf War

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