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Efficient Development through SCORM Standards

Efficient Development through SCORM Standards . Paul F. Merrill Michael D. Bush Thor Anderson. http://id2scorm.byu.edu/scorm.ppt. Purpose. Enhancing the reusability of our instructional products Courses Syllabi Lectures Presentations Handouts Java Applets Simulations Multimedia.

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Efficient Development through SCORM Standards

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  1. Efficient Development through SCORM Standards Paul F. Merrill Michael D. Bush Thor Anderson http://id2scorm.byu.edu/scorm.ppt

  2. Purpose • Enhancing the reusability of our instructional products • Courses • Syllabi • Lectures • Presentations • Handouts • Java Applets • Simulations • Multimedia

  3. Multimedia • Graphics • Pictures • Charts • Diagrams • Animations • Video Clips • Audio Clips

  4. Affluent Throw-away Society

  5. "We're reminded a hundred times a day to buy things, but we're not reminded to take care of them, repair them, reuse them, or give them away." Michael Jacobson, Center for the Study of Commercialism

  6. We need to find better ways to reuse share, and recycle our instructional products Or at least many components thereof!

  7. Examples of the Problem

  8. Examples of the Problem

  9. Obsolete Programming Languages APL Applesoft Basic Pascal Logo procedure convert; var fTemp : integer; cTemp : real; begin space; write('Enter the Fahrenheit temperature: '); readln(fTemp); cTemp := (5 / 9) * (fTemp - 32); space; writeln(' Celsius is ', round(cTemp) : 1); end; Examples of Problem

  10. Examples of Problem • Obsolete Authoring Systems • Coursewriter • IconAuthor

  11. Examples of the Problem • Obsolete Versions • Course of Action • Authorware

  12. Examples of the Problem • CBI course on APL

  13. Examples of the Problem • Obsolete Hardware • Apple IIe • Amiga • Videodisc • SyQuest Removable Cartridges • NeXT Magneto-Optical Discs

  14. Examples of the Problem • Future obsolescence? • Blackboard • WebCT • Jupiter • Flash • Visual Basic • JavaScript • iShell

  15. Sources of Obsolescence • Business viability • Proprietary binary formats • Versions of interpreter • ???

  16. Goals • Reusable • Can be easily reused by a variety of tools • Accessible • Can be easily found (by a search engine) for reuse by learners or developers (Discoverability) • Interoperable • Can by used by a variety of platforms, hardware, browsers, tools, etc. • Durable • Can be reused with no or minimal modifications with new technology (hardware & software).

  17. Possible Applications • Accessible electronic instructional product repository (Digital library) • Independent instructional modules (SCO: Sharable Content Objects) • Cataloging of instructional modules or SCOs and content assets (Use of metadata) • Use of international standards for instructional products (SCORM). • Separation of content, presentation and interaction (Development productivity)

  18. Importance of Standards

  19. Examples of Standards

  20. Examples of Standards

  21. Other Examples • ???

  22. SCORM • Sharable Content Object Reference Model • Advanced Distributed Learning (ADL) initiative (1995) • Suite of technical standard specifications or guidelines to enable the sharing and reuse of course content

  23. What is SCORM? A suite of standards or standard practices that is a composite, made up of what are often adaptations or extensions to standards that originated from other standards or specifications organizations.

  24. IMS ADL Co-Lab OKI/MIT OCLC SIF MERLOT IEEE/LTSC EDUCAUSE/NLII NCAM CANCORE JISC/CETIS DEST/IMS Australia Singapore Mexico Key Working Affiliations Where do these standards come from? Thor Anderson, IMS

  25. Technical Trends R&D Concepts User Needs Progression of ideas to standards Where do standards come from? W3C SIF Spec Consortia Programs Testbeds, Markets Standards Bodies oclc Accredited Standards CEN/ISS COLIS Specifications, Best Practice New Products, Pilot Programs, Testbeds IMS

  26. Sources of SCORM Standards

  27. XML eXtensible Markup Language

  28. <HTML> • <HEAD> • <TITLE>List of Books</TITLE> • </HEAD> • <BODY> • <H1>List of Books</H1> • <HR><BR> • <B>Title </B>Learning Perl • <BR><B>Authors </B>Schwartz & Christiansen • <BR><B>ISBN </B>1-861002-94-7 • <BR><B>Price </B>39.99 USD • <BR><BR><BR> • <B>Title </B>Programming Perl • <BR><B>Authors </B>Wall, Christiansen & Schwartz • <BR><B>ISBN </B>1-861002-97-1 • <BR><B>Price </B>39.99 USD • </BODY> • </HTML>

  29. <?xml version="1.0"?> • <listofbooks> • <book> • <title>Learning Perl</title> • <authors> • <author>Randal L. Schwartz</author> • <author>Tom Christiansen</author> • </authors> • <isbn>1-861002-94-7</isbn> • <price currency="USD">39.99</price> • </book> • <book> • <title>Programming Perl</title> • <authors> • <author>Larry Wall</author> • <author>Tom Christiansen</author> • <author>Randal L. Schwartz</author> • </authors> • <isbn>1-861002-97-1</isbn> • <price currency="USD">45.98</price> • </book> • </listofbooks>

  30. SCORM Standards • Content Packaging • Communication between course & Learning Management System (LMS) • Course & student metadata

  31. SCORM Content Packaging Standard • Content files should be placed in a single directory with possible sub-directories • The course, its content and navigation structure should be described with a special file in XML format located in the top-level directory named: “imsmanifest.xml.”

  32. SCORM Manifest File • Course metadata • Course sequencing or navigation structure • SCO metadata • Assets or resources metadata

  33. Sample Manifest Files Generic Manifest File VAD Manifest File

  34. Runtime System API

  35. The Future: Representing Content • General: From media to learning • Specific: Video Asset Description

  36. Demonstrations • French CD • French CD to XML • Current Examples

  37. QTI Examples

  38. Learning Objects? • Media Objects • Knowledge Objects • Learning Objects • Course Objects

  39. LEARNING OBJECTS KNOWLEDGE OBJECTS STRATEGY OBJECTS MEDIA OBJECTS Instructional Components From M. David Merrill

  40. Components of a knowledge object NAME DESCRIPTION PORTRAYAL From M. David Merrill And Dorling-Kindersley

  41. Display Monitor vs. PDA Examples of Reusability • Functionality • Instruction vs. Assessment

  42. Resources • ID2SCORM Conference Web site • Learning Objects, Knowledge Objects and Mental Models, M. David Merrill • Educational Technology article • VAD development Web site • CVP paper submitted to IEEE MultiMedia

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